African American Identity Essay

It was a hot August day as sweat wipe out down on doubting Thomas Jefferson dark- frontal b whizn. He had been working in the cosmosness 2 hours sooner the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back everywhere the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family better than last old age crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down one row of the field tour staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton.Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who had nonwithstanding yesterday asked his set about what it was like being a knuckle down for Mr. Walter Johnson. When his father had told him that in a lot of ways biography was so much easier than now, Nathan had given him a look that all(prenominal)owed Thomas to know that his son could not bond a line. How could he to a lower placestand? Nathan had not grown up a slave and seen that while it was exceedingly difficult, in that respect was a feeling of stability t o life then.Yes, Thomas Jefferson Brown had endured the beatings and yes he had watched as his M otherwise and eventually his sisters had been sexually assaulted, save how do you tell a young man such as Nathan that such was the way of life it was to be expected, along with the comfort of knowing where your future(a) meal was going to come from. Since Tomas had been palliated after the great war, He s and his family had endured much to a greater extent than that having watched the lynching of two of his brothers and numerous friends.They were the lucky ones though, Thomas thought, while looking up at the fiery ball of set off known as the sun. They did not permit to endure other hardships their unworthy was over. Yes it was hard for Nathan to know that life was indeed easier as a slave than a freed man, and maybe, righteous maybe, things would change during Nathans lifetime. Thomas Jefferson Brown wiped his brow once more and continued on picking the cotton? even out thoug h the civil war ended in 1865, African Americans legato faced an uphill battle to obtain rights that were afforded other Americans.This was in rancor of the fact that 24 African American soldiers brightened our Nations highest honor the congressional Medal of Honor, during the cultured War. Even with the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865 criminalise slavery and the 14th Amendment giving African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law, there were still so many other issues that would deprive African Americans of their lawful rights, such as having the first African American elected into the 41st Congress in 1869 continuing through with(predicate) 1901 with the 57th congress, which had no African Americans.This trend would continue until the election of 1929 before another African American was elected to congress. In 1873 the Supreme Court decision ruled that the 14th-Amendment tackle of equal protection of the laws extended barely to federal civil rights , gum olibanum removing southern states from the duty to protect the civil rights of African Americans, but it was just not their rights that were taken but their lives as well. Between 1882 and the end of 1900, 1751 African Americans and 1105 white Americans were lynched for trying to bring forward the African American cause (National). inclined all of this discrimination and violence, it is hard to imagine that anyone would be willing to further the African American cause, but many stood ready to not unless give of themselves, but perhaps even to give their life for this frightful cause. African American writers were makeed with these problems of equality and self esteem, and yet hold really transformed and continue to support a freed populate, to obtain all of their rights. What follows is from one-third writers who each in his own way contributed mightily to the African American cause. They are W. E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Glen Loury. First, we slang W. E. B. (W illiam Edward Burghardt) Dubois, who was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Dubois was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the twentieth Century. Dubois shared in the universe of the National Association for the Advancement of swart People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor program of its magazine Crisis until 1934. He was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University, which he accomplished in 1896.At first, Dubois thought that African Americans could be freed through the Social Sciences, but quickly became disillusioned with this idea and began to believe that freedoms could only come about by agitation and protest(Chew). Dubois recognized that the African Americans of his day faced many problems, not the least of which were of the life threatening variety. After his disillusionment with helping African Americans through the favor able sciences, Dubois thought that African Am ericans needed to develop their own culture, which was definitely more American than African.Dubois enjoyed the unique African American culture, particularly that of the Negro ghostlike songs. Dubois thought that African Americans should not give in to what white Americans expectations were of African Americans, but to continue to develop as a people. Dubois wrote that all people regardless of their culture, heritage, sex, should be hardened as equals. Dubois also thought that African Americans should not worry about competing with the world as a group, but that they should join together to help each other.He eventually was forced to leave the United States because the government considered Dubois an agent of the Soviet Union. That is why he immigrated to Ghana, first obtaining Ghana citizenship, joined the communist party and eventually died there in 1963. Dubois was there for all future African Americans to follow his example. Dubois founding of the NAACP led to many victories for the rights of all Americans, most of which he never saw. neighboring we have Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica on 17 August 1887.Mr. Garvey is better(p) remembered as a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, not just in the United States but throughout the world as well. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African Communities League in 1914 while still in Jamaica, and also championed the back to Africa movement of the 1920s. Of the Africans who departed, Garvey thought, some(prenominal) had left independently while others were brutally removed for economic growth and exploitation.Garvey sensed that the main problems facing not only African Americans, but Africans as well was that they must first go back to Africa and free their African brothers before moving on to other parts of the world. finished the organizations that Garvey had formed (UNIA and ACL), he reasoned that until Africa is free and redeemed, not only in n ame but in reality, no one would be free, stern or White. Garvey reasoned that no matter what ones black market was we are all bound together by the Creator, which is Spirit. The Creator has a purpose for everyone and that purpose did not include being made a slave or subject to anyone for that matter.While Dubois and Garvey did not see center of attention to eye on the issues involving African Americans, Garvey did align himself closely with Dr Robert warmth, and Dr Loves teachings that a hunt down could progress no further than the dignity and esteem of their women and younger girls. Garvey and Love thought that the best way to plant the seeds of dignity and self-esteem would be through the woman and younger girl. in the end, we have Glen Loury, who was born in 1948. Mr. Loury is a professor of economics at Boston University while also being a consultant to the Federal Trade Commission. Mr.Loury has devoted a major(ip) portion of his career to the study of race and public po licy. He is the reservoir of On the Need for Moral Leadership in the Black society, Responsibility and Race, Impact of Affirmative Action on exist Opportunity A New Look, and most recently A New American Dilemma. Mr. Loury saw many problems facing not only African American, but also all Americans, including the civil rights policies of 1960-1985, which seemed to have been based on equality of outcome rather than on equality of opportunity. Mr. Loury also thought that approbatory action policies created backlash.Loury maintained that all Americans should have equal rights with none being given favorable treatment over any other. Loury reasoned that it is hard to justify denying admission to an elite college to anyone who struggled to be able to pass the admissions exam while admitting a member of a designated minority group, who did not work near as hard to earn his score and is only admitted based on his minority status. Such actions do resentment towards these policies and are only heightened when defenders of the policies claim that to question these policies is to engage in a racist act.Mr. Loury contends that giving preferential treatment with no gruelling explanation only led to more heightened tensions and is a very lowering error on the part of those who merely wish to be advocates of affirmative action. Loury did see, that there was a proper use of affirmative action, such as on police forces around the country that had a significant parting of African American citizens and yet none on the police force. These Authors present their own conclusions and reasonings for what happened to the African Americans previous to, and of their own time.These writers utilize the influences of other African Americans and were also pioneers themselves. All of these writers believed in equality for everyone and thusly did share at least one common goal. In Mr. Dubois we have a writer and scholar who originally thought that through a study of Social Sciences and doing what was right could African Americans receive their rights, and yet Dubois was able to refocus and remain firm in his opinions of helping each other and thus able to help not only the African Americans of his generation, but the ones to follow as well. Mr.Dubois saw all of the problems besetting African Americans and knew that they must unite, working together, to build a culture of their own, that would allow all African Americans to have a better life. Mr. Garvey on the other hand, perceived that until the rights and freedoms were restored in the entire African continent, Africans elsewhere would always be treated as second-class citizens. Garvey along with Dr Robert Love, thought that it was through the African women, oddly the younger women, that Africans had a chance to make a difference in providing a better future. Mr.Loury saw problems that came about because of the Civil Rights movement, and that African Americans should not merely rely on being a minority to get a head in life, but instead grab the opportunity that was before them so as not to create a political backlash. from each one of these writers have stood their ground for what they believe in, and our world we live in directly is better for it. Each of these writers, in their own time, helped frame not just African Americans lives but has truly transformed and continues to support a freed people, obtain all, of their rights. Works Cited Chew, Robin W. E. B.Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963 February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, aspiration Race and Affirmative Action 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. Of our Spiritual Strivings. Cultural Conversations The social movement of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus Motive of the NAACP assailable Cultural Conversations The comportment of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. Free at Last? A Personal stead on R ace ad identity element in America. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past.Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 Marcus Garvey Biography November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis advisor Researcher Community wellness and Planning Plant Science. The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917 National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06 Bibliography Chew, Robin W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963 February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark Race and Affirmative Action 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. Of our Spiritual Strivings. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al.Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus Motive of the NAACP Exposed Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 Marcus Garvey Biography November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917 National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06.

First Week of College

Brad Campagna Kathy ORourke College has so fara mien exceeded my expectations in a huge way. As a untested share of the ice field field hockey aggroup there were some(prenominal) uncertainties and worries, as thoroughly as tons of excitements and anticipations. Obviously the biggest part, school, was nerve wracking and exciting too. In college hockey its very common that players take a few old age dark of school prior to attending, to play hockey in junior hockey leagues. This created a bit more nerves so excitement for the classroom aspect of school since ive only taken 3 college courses since graduating high school, fashioning it a bit harder to get substantiate into the swing of things.Besides getting back into school r come out of the closetine, being a hockey player in college has do the beginning of school an unbelievable experience for me. On move-in day bandage still in the process of getting eitherthing together, my roommate and I met the origin player on o ur team. Since my roommate is withal on my team it was a huge relief to meet someone before our parents even left. Since then its been smooth sailing and yield got made number of friends on the team, m some(prenominal) which I already know ill be very near friends with in the future. This was probably the biggest relief for me so far because I had no idea what to expect.I kept worrying about how the kids, especi whollyy the new recruits, would be and literally every one is an awesome person. I didnt realize how lots being on a sports team would help me make friends this fast, which I am extremely grateful for. Weve all had so overmuch romp already and we are just one week into school. On give of all of that, we are all at least 20 years old and up as freshman. I think this gives us a big advantage of transition for things like college because we are all at least two years more mature then we would look at if we had gone right from high school.Now that is not to toot my or an y of my friends horns, but I do feel as if the maturity take is definitely higher then it would have been by the overall way we carry and present ourselves as opposed to being 17 or 18. If the year is going to continue on like this, I tail end only imagine how much fun its going to be. This is also all going without mentioning the hockey part. Hockey hasnt even started yet which excites me that much more. I think and foretaste we have a very rock-steady team that can do very well throughout the season. Now manifestly college isnt all fun and games.The school aspect of college hasnt really sunk in yet since were not very far into the semester. It definitely concerns me somewhat, but I think I depart end up doing well. I of course have a good work ethic through hockey, so I visualize on using that into the classroom. Sure it will be harder some meters because of practices and games and whatnot, but thats what my teammates and the rest of the accommodations that Potsdam supplie s for us are for. Its a good start for me professor wise, since pretty much all of them seem to be very good at what they do.The only thing that has gotten me a elflike annoyed and anxious about is all the reading. Reading takes up a lot of time and that what most of college is. My time management needs to be very efficient if Im going to do well this year. I rely my next four years here will just find getting better and better as I meet new people and explore new things. There is still so much I havent done yet and so many experiences I have to look forward too as long as my school works stays up to par.When my career at Potsdam is over I hope I will have accomplished my goal of excelling in every way whether its school, hockey, friends, community status and more. Obviously I plan on having my degree whether I continue with my Business major or change to something else. I hope and expect to have good grades throughout the whole experience not just getting by. I also expect to do very well in hockey and hope to make an immediate impact on the team and carry it out through the whole four years here.I also hope to have my friends that Ive already made be my best friends and friends for the rest of my life. Finally by the time I leave Potsdam I hope to have had a big impact on the overall community. The hockey team stresses a high importance of being active in the community and having a positive attitude in every place in every situation. So far theres been much positivity here and I will be contributing to that as much as possible. If my whole time at Potsdam is going to be how this first week has been, then I anticipate having an extremely good experience here.

Ethnic Literature and Postcolonialism In Barta’s Essay

The definition of ethnic literature is literature akin all other, except that it contains ethnic references. (Reilly p. 2). Another definition of ethnic literature is when there is a literature create that contain religious beliefs, racial issues, linguistics, or cultural heritage. In another word, ethnic literature is the literary work that includes particular culture, beliefs, or linguistics distinction. Postcolonial literary theory draws attention in the issue of cultural difference emerging in the society. One of the issues which whitethorn often appear during the class discussion is hybridizationity.It seems that lot who beat been approach by the fact that they ar living in a hybrid world tend to be confused by their real lieu. They cause for their interest, but they raise not avoid the possibility becoming in betwixt. Although , they ar included into oneness part, the native part, but on the other hand they coffin nail not deny the deep look to be pleasant ma ke doing themselves contrasting with the other. There is a kind of much nurse they wear compared with their surround, and they think it is worthy to be kept.Of course, this feeling comes into their mastermind by some reasons. There must be an additional value added into their original culture. The additional value whitethorn be in the condition of a unused political theory, belief or view which are brought by the dictatorial. The prevail rarely conscious with the impact. They usually plainly feel that it is a natural process which become the impact of daily social interaction they are engaged in. Another issue which emerges in postcolonial discussion is slightly precept-dominating one. We arse not expect who truly take the role as dominating or dominated.The practice may turn over, the dominated may become the dominating in the identical time toward distinct object, vice versa. We are also introduced by Otherness theory. It makes someone consider that she or he ar e different from the other, and other heap is not the same with her or him. Gadis Tangsi tells a story about a fille life, namely Teyi. She is a Javanese girl who grew up in the Javanese tradition. She lives with his parents and sibling in tangsi area. She was taught to become an obedient girl by her niggle with many limitations as a girl. She helps her mother to sell fried bananas every day.Teyi finds herself limited by some rules which are considered as the right field rules for her mother. She steady does not know how savor or how to be make outd by a man. She was taught to be a polite muliebrity. She finally finds who she is when she is introduced to Putri Parasi by Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi who has helped her. That is the commencement exercise of her new experience to recognize a new world, the world that she has neer imagined before. Putri Parasi teaches her everything to be a good lady. Putri Parasi likes Teyi for her politeness. She more likes Teyi after macroco sm saved when her disease comes immediately.Putri Parasi expects to teach her how to stock well. She even teaches Teyi to say Dutch. Teyi starts to be able to read and write. Putri Parasi really wants to prepare her to be taken to Surakarta Keraton and introduced her to a man who will be married with her. She plans to make Teyi deserve to have a husband from Keraton families. In the refreshed Gadis Tangsi written by Suparto Brata, we can see some unexpected phenomenon occur. It makes me realize that actually there are still many things covered even by what Javanese tribe considered as budaya adiluhung.The word politeness, hospitality and dignity which come into people mind when they heard about Javanese culture become denigrate after they read this novel. Javanese woman who is considered as an obedient woman and become a mercy for whom takes her as a wife may be surprised by what Suparto tells about Teyi and Dumilah. He brings them in this novel as representative of Javanese w oman character, in different decimal point of view. However, the story about them, for me, is far from the stereotype of common Javanese women (may be just a few). The feeling of in among seem to be experienced by Teyi.She starts to know about how the counseling the higher status people behave since she meets Putri Parasi. Teyi realizes that her life style is quite different from her, and she is glad when she knows that Putri Parasi does not mind introducing this new culture to her. From this intentional interaction, after she is taught how to behave like putri bangsawan, Teyi starts to consider she has a chance to be the same with them. nonetheless she lives with her parents, she starts to consider that she is better than them. She has been raised from the trim down part. She has more precedent than the people in the house.The very obvious impact of this teaching actually appears when Teyi has been left(a) by Putri Parasi. After she passed away, Teyi become independent from the influence of Putri Parasi. Although, there are still some traces of her teaching inside Teyi which reflect in the way she behaves. She seems take the dominating position over her husband, Sapardal. Sapardal feeling about his lower position when they have been married becomes the cause of the divorce. Only two eld of espousal, and Teyi considers that she has a right to sue divorce, while Sapardal can only nourish silent without any comment.In this kinship, Sapardal as a man who actually considered as the dominating take the role as the dominated. He does not feel on the same aim with Teyi. He admits that he has no power compared to Teyi. He even has no endurance to invoke her in their first night of marriage. Here, we can see the role between man and woman has shifted. Brata seems to show us that the role of people in the society is like running on the moving wheel. The dominating and dominated are only a symbol of someone position, which also can be shifted based on wher e we are standing.Sapardal may fail in maintaining his position as superior in front of Teyi. The cultural channelize also appears in this novel. Sexual intercourse is not considered as a sacral any longer for almost all the women in this novel. During my reading, I wonder if I read Indonesian culture literary work, in particular belong to Javanese one. However, Brata wrote the novel using the Indonesian condition in the past, in the colonial occupation. In this situation, it is not easy to determine which one who still hold the original value since the influence of other ideology come into the life in that simple way.The force of a new ideology input is not directly felt in this novel. The native people enjoy the acculturation between the dominated and the dominating. It also happens in the shifting of the way they see sexual intercourse actually is. What we blazon out as a taboo becomes commonly conducted by the people. Teyi is defined as a free woman, even she has been marrie d and becomes a wife of Sapardal, and she breaks the rule by having intercourse with Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi. It seems that she wants to take a revenge to Dumilah who is considered had cheated her by having amatory affair with her master.Sapardal can not do anything. He has failed to become a good husband. This thinking is from his own side. When we look at this phenomenon, again, Teyi proves that she has had a power over a man from her own society. She starts to have a right to consider a man like Sapardal is not at the same level with her. However, in my opinion it will not happen if Sapardal neer has the way of thinking. Actually, he has thought that she is great and different from the other woman in his environment before they are married. That makes he has no courage to touch her at their first night.It also makes Teyi feels not cosmos regarding or respecting as a wife. She thinks that Sapardal has no desire toward her, and she thinks that it is better to ask divorce. Wh at a short way of thinking I found that Teyi has put a wrong way of thinking about what Putri Parasi had taught to her. It seems that she does not consider marriage as a sacral relationship any longer. Love relationship has been considered as a real relationship when we have passion to have sex with our couple. Is that so simple? That is the way Teyi think about love basically.It is shown also when she does not mind to have sex with her ex-master, Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi, and then she starts to love someone else, Ndara Mas Kus. There is no any guilty feeling. Finally, we can adjudicate that there are three aspect of postcolonial reading for Gadis Tangsi has been discussed above. First, hybridity appears when Teyi finds herself has involved and being a part of Putri Parasis society, Keraton environment since she has been able to behave and speak like her, so she considers that she is a part of Putri community.While she has that feeling, she still can not avoid other people consi deration about her who is only becoming a servant and will not become like them. Second, dominating feeling toward Sapardal comes into her mind. There is dominating-dominated in shifting model between them. It seems a denial for a man who usually considered as the dominating one, while Teyi proves that it can be shifted. Last, Otherness theory also emerges in this novel. After having taught to have attitude and behave like Putri Parasi model, Teyi finally considers herself different with other woman in her society.It appears in the way she treats Dumilah who is her old friend. She thinks that Dumilah has no right to become a munci of Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi because she is not at the same level with her or Ndara. Reference Ashcroft, Bill, et. al. 1946. The Empire Writes Back. London Routledge Barry, Peter. 1824. Beginning Theory. Manchester Manchester University Press Brata, Suparto. 2004. Gadis Tangsi. capital of Indonesia Kompas Reilly, John. 1978. Critical Approaches to Eth nic Literature. London Oxford University Press

Crooks monologue Essay

Ever since I came to this cattle farm to work here, on this rigid structured cavalry shoe shaped land I always intakeed, hoped and desired for one thing and one thing only(prenominal) That one solar day I would stir my sustain land, that one day I would have my own peace and privacy to myself without having to look subsequently horses for the rest of my life. Dont you venture an old man give care me would deserve such thing? An old man with a flex crippled crunched back that has never been treated mincing ever since he stepped into the ranch With so many people c alling him names because of what twist he is, I consider you would.Ever since I was a trivial kid my electric shaverhood was a belove and wonderful with my br early(a)s, always go with with them tho like a jigsaw puzzle when put together. Ive always wanted to be equal to the others in the ranch. But I would never mix because of my colour it is almost like mixing the wrongs colour to the others in the ranc h when carkting a picture for your wall. Not allow me represent activities with them, noticeing lonely at all dates fuck you imagine how annoying and pain staking that would be.Only activity they would let me play is the horse shoe game, bet you would get bored playing it for 5 minutes. Just imagine and old man like me with a dream of having a land where theirs peace and quiet where Im facilitate to do anything I want. Sit down and have a nice meal for god sakes, whenever I want without being interfered with those vicious idiots that have no feelings in their lifes what so ever. All the fourth dimension I work I say to myself I wish, I just wish I could be with someone forever. And pursue that dream that feels it give never happen.Life on the ranch is hard, painful, feet blistering work particularly when youre looking after horses all day long, and whats worsened Having a crippled back, doesnt help one single topographic point and looking after the animal that did it to you, yes thats amend, got kicked by a horse long time ago leaving me in a devastated pain for the rest of my life. Not one day have I lived on that ranch without being interfered or called anti-Semite(a) names about my scrape colour, how does that feel inside, terrible doesnt it, thats how I feel proficient now.Every day I have to rub things onto my back to relieve the pain which doesnt feel any better at all worst thing that makes me angry and annoyed is your privacy being invaded how would you feel if someone just walked into you while you were asleep, wouldnt you feel annoyed and angry, bet you would, lennie that huge bastard walked into my private property while I was doing my own thing no knocks or permission just like that, as if you I was an animal in my hut. Every day I think to myself that I have been doomed to a life of loneliness and racist name occupational group.There is nothing much to do on this ranch other than working and alimentation a sad life that you think inside yourself will never end. Back when I was a child I was living with a wonderful family that actually cared for me endorsed me, looked after me, and loved me. I also had an education unlike the stupid people living on the ranch not knowing what they say every time they talk and call me names that burns my heart into ashes, I was comfortably educated had a father mother and brothers too.I was accompanied by them. Over here Ive got no one to care for me other than lennie he is like a black brother to me not calling me racist names, actually talks to me expresses his feelings to me, he makes me feel like Ive got a future that will come true one day, Im in this lonely and terrible situation because of my race, yes thats right you might think its something bizarre but actually this is what happens to me.At least I had someone to talk to ever since I stepped into this ranch, contribute you imagine how it would feel if you were isolated because of your bloody colour for god sakes W ouldnt it make you go crazy or maybe mental? argue preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student write piece of work is one of many that can be ensnare in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Something Precious

I possess earned recently that some times we lose someaffair to gain something. I engage experienced a faded that was so deep that it was my belief that it would never end. I recently was sprightly to confine a brand new grandchild a daughter. This inadequate girl could not have come at a better time in my life. Brianna Scott was born on November 30. 2010 at 814 pm. This could not have been better timing. Three years ago one of my grandsonss hung himself and now lives in a ve recoverative state. I lost all(prenominal) joy around the holi geezerhood, because this little boy always wanted to be with me during the holi mean solar days.I lost the holiday spirit after this tragedy happened I found myself in a deep depression state. There was days when I did not want to do anything but cry. I prayed to no end for a miracle to happen. I finally had to accept that here would be no miracle this time. I experienced so many different emotions on a daily basis and for the life of me I co uld not get a grip on any of my emotions. I begin to incertitude whether or not I could have do something to prevent this tragedy. It took piercing therapy to find my way out of this hole. There was nothing I could have done to prevent this tragedy.I was simply co-existing prior to Brianna being born. This little girl has no idea what her birth has brought into my life. I feel as if paragon has given me a new joy and a gratifying breath into my life. I look at this little girl and my centre of attention smiles again. When I talk to Brianna and tell her I love her she looks at me and smiles. I know that Brianna is only six weeks old but I very believe she understands me when I tell her that I love her. I sometimes catch myself wondering if my grandson would be jealous of her. I believe that I knew this little boy better than his own parents. He would not have been jealous but instead embraced her.Chances are I would have had to lead him to move over and let me have some time with Brianna. I do indeed believe that Brianna is something precious sent to me by God to readiness the pain that I have been forced to live with. If you could nab this little girl you too would believe that she understands when you tell her that you love her. I always tell her how precious she is and that she has brought unspeakable joy to my life. I deal that I could put into words how some(prenominal) this little girl has done for me emotionally. I have joy once again and believe it or not I actually celebrated the holidays.I did not have a sad moment for a change and took the time to thank God for such a precious gift. This is the gift that keeps on giving. If person had told me that when this little girl was born the pain I was enduring would ease up I would have called them a lie. I now after part live with the pain and my heart doesnt ache as much as it did prior to Briannas birth. I can get threw the day now without crying and feeling so empty. I look former to keepin g this bundle of joy now. Even though she has her days mixed up with her nights I would not change a thing about her. After all Brianna truly is something precious to my whole family.

Hyundai Creative Brief

I. Market Info a. In September 2012, Hyundai had sales of 11,403 with YTD sales numbers reaching 107,612. This accounted for a 12. 9% Canadian market sh be to date. The YTD for September 2012 sales of the electric vehicles open in Canada ar as follows Nissan Leaf 196 units (up 367% from 2011), Mitsubishi i-MiEV 165 units , Chevrolet Volt 927 units (up 548% from 2011). Of the 1,305,538 autos sell to date in Canada, electric car sales accounted for 0. 0099% of total car sales. According to these numbers, Canadians are not embracing electric cars at a significant rate, however the World Wildlife Fund of Canada is aiming to perplex 600,000 EVs on Canadian roads by 2020, accounting for 10% of whole car sales. The WWF intends to do this by * highlight environmental benefits of EVs * support modify access to EVs and EV infrastructure achieve competitive pricing with conventional vehicles * expand travel freedom for EV users with infrastructure and travel coalition options * furn ish Canadians with positive EV information and experiences G overnment agencies have to a fault offered incentives for buyers and owners of EVs for example the Ontario politics is offering a expense reduction between $5,000 and $8,000 as well as a atomic number 19 licence plate which enables owners to use High-Occupancy Vehicle lanes, even if there is and ace person in the vehicle as well as futurity access to public recharging facilities and parking at GO station and government lots. . betray Profile Hyundai vehicles run the gamut from budget cars to luxury sedans to commercial trucks. conspiracy Koreas leading carmaker, Hyundai repulse produces compact and luxury cars, SUVs, minivans, trucks, buses, and other commercial vehicles. Its cars are sold in 180 countries by some 6,000 dealerships. Hyundai generates to the highest degree fractional of its sales in South Korea, but its vehicles are to a fault touristed in emerging markets such as China and India. The company operates a dozen manufacturing plants in China, the Czech Republic, India, Russia, South Korea, Turkey and the US. Hyundai also owns a 34% stake in Kia Motors.Some key benefits of the Hyundai post are * Modern, premium, inexpensive mentality towards car design * Hyundai backs their product with an excellent warranty and service. * sullen investment in design and promotion * Focus much on explaining a cars history, its value and its strengths, rather than just talking about price Hyundais brand reputation hasnt alship canal been the greatest and has only increased within the last 5 divisions or so as Hyundai made the switch from making cheap, economical cars to affordable, modern, premium and bona fide cars that are fun to use up, luxurious and backed by an excellent warranty.Some issues Hyundai faces are * Poor reputation in regards to reliability * Poor reputation in regards to build quality * Not known for making sporty or luxurious cars * Overcoming well-established brand s such as Toyota, Honda and VW c. Brand Proposition Hyundais brand slogan NEW THINKING. NEW POSSIBILITIES. reflects the go out of Hyundai Motor Company to reach parvenue possibilities to benefit the world and its people by encouraging and ontogeny new thinking.All members of Hyundai have the brand slogan deeply engraved in their hearts as they move forward in their effort to provide new values and experiences desired by todays customers through ripe ways that are unique to the brand, driven by new thinking about customers and cars. d. Brand Position Hyundais brand burster Modern premium does not just mean luxury cars it is about providing new values and experiences to yet more customers of today through ways that are unique to the brand and which go beyond what customers expect by combining exceptional performance with reasonable price and emotional elegance.Being elementary but perfect, staying faithful to the basics yet different from the others, and not forgetting the sorry picture while paying attention to the smallest details developing cars that cater to the diverse lifestyles of customers and propose an advanced automobile life and culture enriching the lives of customers who have an active and positive approach to lifethat is the Modern premium of Hyundai Motor Company. e. Positioning Statement For the Earth-conscious, high-mileage driver who wishes to be whisked away in a safe, fun and environmentally responsible way.Hyundai Fuel-Cell provide cars will get you where you posit to go, disregarding of the distance, with very little impact on the environment and your wallet, big you the confidence of knowing youre the smartest person on the road. f. Competitors Profiles Honda YTD for September 2012, Honda owned 9. 0% of the Canadian market. Some Honda brand strengths accommodate * Well known for reliability * Consumers will buy a Honda regardless of their level of luxury, sportiness, features or price. * Loyal customer base/repeat buyer s * Consumers will rarely shop around if their first choice is a HondaBrand weaknesses include * Have rested on their laurels * Very few innovative or exciting products * Redesigned the 2012 Civic after 1 model year because of lack of innovation * Rely on brand loyalty to drive sales Honda utilizes the same media as most other prominent brands in the industry. They have a strong presence both online (through social media websites as well as their own homepage) and in print (many ads in newsworthinesspapers and magazines). They also invest heavily in televised ads and billboards. Honda has positioned themselves as a company strengthened on dreams.And these dreams inspire us to create innovative products that enhance sympathetic mobility and benefit society. Toyota YTD for September 2012, Toyota owns 11. 8% of the Canadian market. Toyota brand strengths * Synonymous for reliable cars * diversified product range * highly targeted marketing and a lading to lean manufacturing a nd quality * Loyal customer base * Customers will rarely shop around before purchasing a Toyota Weaknesses * Massive recalls and lawsuits over the past few years * Boring styling and performance Recognized in general for economy and not performance * Slightly older buyer demographic Toyota utilizes all of the traditional methods of media, much like Honda does. * Print * Social Media Networks * TV and Billboards * Own homepage g. Target Market Profile * Similar to former(a) adopters of hybrids, early adopters of EVs will be young, very high income individuals word meaning is already being popularized by high-profile celebrities * Average incomes are expected to be in excess of $200K HHI who already own one or more vehicles Early Majority Profile * intellection the product as Green and lean * Top purchaser influence is Reliability * Household income $114K * sexuality 67% mannish * Location Urban and Suburban * Ages 40-45 Non-adopter profile * View the product as Expensive * Ho usehold Income $54K * Gender 49% Male * Location Suburban and rural Barriers to Adoption Include * Price and embody of ownership * Familiarity with clean technologies * Size of the vehicle(too small) * Fuel cell infrastructure * Brand II. IMC Objective This IMC campaign must address the issue of the barriers to betrothal that fuel-cell supply automobiles face.The IMC campaign must prove to the consumer that the high initial cost, range of the vehicle, fuel-cell pickaxe station infrastructure and most importantly, that green technologies much different than the step gasoline engine should not be a barrier to adoption as the cost of ownership is relatively low, the environment benefits greatly from zero-emissions vehicles, fuel-cell powered vehicles do not limit range like electric vehicles do and that a fuel-cell powered vehicle is a viable, and just as genial alternative to the gasoline-powered car. - 1 . www. goodcarbadcar. pay/2012/10/september-2012-canada-auto-sales-bran d-rankings2. hypertext mark-up language 2 . http//www. goodcarbadcar. net/2012/10/september-2012-ytd-canada-auto-sales-rankings. htmlmore 3 . http//www. northumberlandview. ca/index. php? module=news&type=user&func=display&sid=17939 4 . http//news. ontario. ca/mto/en/2010/06/ontario-paves-the-way-for-electric-vehicles. html 5 . ttp//worldwide. hyundai. com/WW/Corporate/CorporateInformation/BrandSlogan/index. html 6 . http//worldwide. hyundai. com/WW/Corporate/CorporateInformation/BrandSlogan/index. html 7 . http//www. goodcarbadcar. net/2012/10/september-2012-canada-auto-sales-brand-rankings2. html 8 . http//corporate. honda. com/about/ 9 . http//www. deloitte. com. br/publicacoes/2007/MFG. Gaining_Traction_customer_view_of_electric_vehicle_mass_adoption. pdf

Project Management: Resource Considerations Essay

Resources back include people, equipment, machines, tools, facilities, and space. Among the people may be numerous polar types, such as painters, designers, cooks, computer programmers, and assembly growers. The consideration of imagerys adds another(prenominal) dimension (beyond the element of beat) to planning and scheduling. In many nominates, the amounts of the various types of choices on hand(predicate) to perform the forcing erupt activities ar limited. Several activities may require the corresponding resources at the same time, and there may not be qualified resources ready(prenominal) to satisfy both the demands. If sufficient resources be not available, roughly activities may oblige to be re munimentd for a later time when resources argon available for them. One way to consider resources is to take them into account when draft copy the logical relationships among activities in the net reckon diagram.In addition to showing the beloved constraints among activities, the net call on logic drop also take into account resource constraints. The rate of activities digest be drawn to reflect the limited handiness of a number of resources. If resources ar to be considered in planning, its essential to indicate the amounts and types of resources admited to perform all(prenominal) activity. For this reason, a resource visibleness is lots developed. Resource leveling, or smoothing, is a method for developing a agendum that attempts to minimize the fluctuations in requirements for resources. This method levels the resources so that they atomic number 18 apply as uniformly as possible without extending the mold schedule beyond the required completion time.Resource leveling attempts to establish a schedule in which resource use is made as level as possible without extending the suffer beyond the required completion time. In resource leveling, the required take in completion time is fixed, and the resources are varied in an attemp t to eliminate fluctuation. Resource-limited scheduling is a method for developing the shortest schedule when the number or amount of available resources is fixed. This method is appropriate when the resources available for the mould are limited and these resource limits cannot be exceeded.This method lead extend the bemuse completion time if necessary in entreat to keep within the resource limits. It is an iterative method in which resources are allocated to activities based on the least s deprivation. The steps are repeated until all resource constraints have been satisfied. In resource-limited scheduling, the resources are fixed, and the insure completion time is varied in order not to exceed the resource limits. For a large project that requires many different resources, each of which has a different limit of availability, resource-limited scheduling can get very complicated. Various project management software packages are available that will assist with this process.It i s the right of the project private instructor to cultivate sure that the node is satisfied that the puddle scope is completed in a fiber way of life, within budget, and on time. The project double-decker has primary responsibility for providing leadership in planning, organizing, and unconditional the work effort to accomplish the project objective. In terms of planning, the project passenger vehicle has to clearly define the project objective and reach pact with the customer on this objective. In terms of organizing, the project manager must secure the appropriate resources to perform the work. In terms of controlling, the project manager needs to track actual progress and compare it with planned progress. The project manager is a key ingredient in the success of a project and needs to possess a set of skills that will wait on the project squad succeed.The project manager should be a right(a) leader who inspires the people assigned to the project to work as a aggrou p to implement the plan and achieve the project objective successfully be committed to the training and development of the people working on the project be an effective communicator who interacts regularly with the project team, as sanitary as with any subcontractors, the customer, and her or his own confederacys pep pill management and have good interpersonal skills. It is essential that the project manager develop a relationship with each person on the project team and effectively use his or her interpersonal skills to try to cultivate the thinking and actions of others. An effective project manager can handle deform and has good sense humor. In addition, he or she is a good problem solver.Although its easier to identify problems than to solve them, good problem declaration starts with the early identification of a problem or potential problem. intelligent project managers also manage their time well. These essential skills can be developed through experience, by seeking out feedback from others, by conducting a self-evaluation and learning from your own mistakes, by interviewing effective project managers, by combat-ready in training programs, by joining transcriptions, through reading, and through date with volunteer government activitys in which all these skills can be tested. Project managers need to be good delegators.Delegation involves empowering the project team to accomplish the expect results for her or his electron orbit of responsibility. Its the act of following individuals to carry out assigned tasks successfully. One other important comp atomic number 53nt of the project managers job is managing and controlling changes to minimize any negative carry on on the successful accomplishment of the project objective. To do this successfully, the project manager, at the beginning of the project, should establish procedures regarding how changes will be documented and authorized.A team is a group of individuals working interdependently to achieve a public goal. Teamwork is the accommodating effort by members of a team to achieve that common goal. The military posture or lack thereof of the project team can invent the difference between project success and project failure. Project teams bourgeon through various stages of development. Forming, the initial stage of the team development process, involves the pitch contour from individual to team member. During this stage, individuals on the team begin to get acquainted. During the storming stage, mesh emerges and tension increases. Motivation and morale are low. Members may even balk team formation.However, after struggling through the storming stage, the team moves into the norming stage of development. Relationships among team members and between the team and the project manager have become settled, and interpersonal conflicts have been resolved for the most part. The fourth and final stage of team development and growth is the performing stage. In this st age, the team is highly committed and eager to achieve the project objective. The members feel a sense of unity. Characteristics oft associated with effective project teams include a clear understanding of the project objective, clear expectations of each persons role and responsibilities, a results orientation, a high degree of cooperation and collaboration, and a high level of trust. Barriers to team metier include unclear goals, unclear definition of roles and responsibilities, lack of project grammatical construction, lack of commitment poor conference, poor leadership, turnover of project team members, and nonadaptive behavior.Team building developing a group of individuals to accomplish the project objective is an ongoing process. It is the responsibility of both the project manager and the project team. Socializing among team members supports team building. To facilitate socializing, team members can request that they be physically located in one office area for the du ration of the project and they can participate in social events. transformation is about acknowledging, understanding, and valuing differences, and creating a work environment that recognizes, respects, and harnesses differences among team members for the benefits of accomplishing a shared out goal, such as the project objective. mannikin show of the team brings unique ideas and perspectives to projects. Diversity should be seen and valued by the project team as a strength that can enrich communication, foster better relationships, create an pleasurable workplace, and enhance team performance. Ethical behavior is necessary within a project organization and is crucial in project business relationships with the customer, suppliers and subcontractors. Customers and suppliers require to do business with a contractor or project organization that they can trust.Intentional distortion, deception or misrepresentation is outright unethical. engagement on projects is inevitable. During a project, conflict can emerge from a variety of situations. Sources of potential conflict on projects include differences of opinion on how the work should be done, how much work should be done, at what level of quality the work should be done, who should be assigned to work on which tasks, the sequence in which the work should be done, how long the work should take, and how much the work should greet.Project communication takes various forms, including personal communication, meetings, presentations, reports, and project documentation. Communication can be face to face or use some medium, including telephones, congressman mail, e-mail, videoconferencing, or groupware. It can be formal or informal. Personal communication can be either oral or written. Oral communication can be face to face or via telephone. Information can be communicated in a more accurate and timely manner through oral communication. Such communication bears a forum for discussion, clarification, understanding , and fast feedback. Listening is an important part of making communication effective.Failure to discover can cause a breakdown in communication. Common barriers to effective listening include pretending to listen, distractions, bias and close-mindedness, impatience, and jumping into conclusions. Listening skills can be improved by focusing on the person talking, pleasing in active listening, asking questions, and not interrupting. Project managers and team members are often called on to give formal presentations. In preparing for the presentation, its important to determine the purpose of presentation, find out about the target audience, make an outline, develop notes and visual aids, make copies of handout materials, and practice. Written reports are often required during a project.The two most common types of project reports are progress reports and final reports. Progress reports often cover accomplishments since the prior report, the live project status, any potential probl ems that have been identified and corrective actions that are planned and goals that should be accomplished during the next reporting period. Final reports provide a summary of the project and often include items such as the customers original needs, the original project objective and requirements, benefits resulting from the project, a description of the project, and a list of deliverables produced. All reports should be clear and curt and written as you would speak.Chapter 13 Types of Project OrganizationsThe three most common structures used to organize people to work on projects are in operation(p), project, and intercellular substance. These structures are applicable to a large majority of businesses and not-for-profit organizations. The functional organization structure is typically used in business that primarily sells and produces touchstone products standard products and seldom conducts external projects. The focus is on the technical excellence and cost competitiveness of the companys products, as well as the splendor of each functional components contribution of expertness to the companys products. For projects, a multifunctional project team or task perpetrate is forced, with members selected from the appropriate sub functions. In this structure, the project manager does not have complete authority over the project team, because administratively the members still work for their respective functional managers.The project organization structure is used by companies that are working on multiple projects at any one time and do not produce standard products. People are hired to work on a specific project, and each project team is dedicated to only one project. A project-type organization is positioned to be highly responsive to the project objective and customer needs because each project team is strictly dedicated to only one project. The advantages of a functional organizational structure are no duplication of activities and functional excellence .Disadvantages include insularity, slow response time, and lack of customer focus. The project organization structure has control over resources and responsiveness to customers as advantages. The advantages of a matrix organization structure include efficient utilization of resources, functional expertise available to all projects, increased learning and knowledge transfer, improved communication, and customer focus. Its disadvantages are the dual reporting relationships and the need for a balance of power.

Ava Wrestles the Alligator

Three Dimensions Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain houses an wrongful triptych called The Garden of E guilehly Delight painted by Hieronymus Bosch in 1504. A triptych works by combining three different panels and forming one picture, manhood, or scene. In the case of The Garden of earthlike Delight we are yielded with a triptych that, not only has three complete scenes of Eden, Ecclesias Paradise, and Hell present when opened but when closed the viewer discount see humankind as a whole. In Ava Wrestles the Alligator the triptych given is SwamplandiaIn this blushing(a) neck fairytale the dimensions of Swamplandia are parallel to the famous Bosch work due(p) the ideas of Earth, Heaven, Hell, and Swamplandia the acres. In Swamplandia the idea of Earth is kn take in as everyday activities the streak of the park, feeding the alligators. Ava and Ossie have pet lizards and giggle at night in the room they share. We keep giggling, happy and nervous, tickled by an incomplete innocenc e (Russell 4). During these simple, terrestrial times of normality Ossie also begins to experiment with her newly formed womanlike body.In The Garden of Earthly Delight the images of smiling, naked men and women cover the fondness panel. The figures in the painting are seen experiencing life as naturally as possible. Even the lives of two young girls can be represented in art painted hundreds of years before their time. This gives the reader and the avid art viewer the idea that it is human nature to experience, laugh, and dream about the world above and beyond the shell that is the human body. Ossie yearns to feel alive. With the use of her receive body and her imagination she takes her kingdom and makes it her own.Far above the kingdom of Swamplandia the spirits of by Swamplandians hover most importantly the deceased mother of Ava and Ossie. Ava tells the reader spend rain is still the most comforting sound I know. I like to pretend that its our dead mothers fingers, go on the ceiling above us (Russell 3). In The Garden of Earthly Delight the idea of Heaven is represented by animals, including alligators, relaxing by a pool of water and the lack of humans, comforted only by a single cloaked figure. In the ase of Ava and Ossie the cloaked figure is the belief of their mothers spirit encasing their house with each drop of rain. superstar of the most focal points of The Garden of Earthly Delight is shown in the stinkpot right corner of the right hand panel. The image of a annulus Beast, or Prince of Hell, ruling over the Underworld is most prominent to the scene. The Prince lures in his prey and uses them for his benefit, whether it is food, pleasure, or manual labor. Like Ossie is a slave to her own pleasure and even attempts suicide to become one with her own twisted sense of desire.The women of The Garden of Earthly Delight are trapped by sex and pleasure, emotions unwashedly mistaken for love. Though the similarities are obvious between the two men of each story the most striking common feature of Ava Wrestles the Alligator and The Garden of Earthly Delight comes from the Prince shown devouring a woman, much like how the Bird Man rapes Ava. As obvious as the painting, Ava identifies the Bird Man as no Prince Charming. Hes cover in feathers and bird shit (Russell 11). With these three dimensions the idea of a kingdom is more apparent than the simple highway passing of SwamplandiaThe reader is presented with a complex and mysterious gateway through the mind of a 12 year old and to the world of diamond lizards, grief, and the realistic notion that prank is above, below, and surrounding each human being that decides to open the doors of their own triptych. With a glance into Avas world and a single glance at a classic work of art each person can discover a fairytale. Works Cited Russell, Karen. Ava Wrestles the Alligator. St. Lucys Home for Girls Raised by Wolves. New York Vintage Books, 2006. 3-25.

Is Marxism Still Relevant Today?

The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) had brought about significant agitates in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and technology and subsequently established an era of unprecedented sparing growth in capitalist economies. It was at bottom this era that Karl Marx had observed the passing and inconsistency experienced by men of the undertaking, the on the job(p) kinsperson, who had turn overed excessively for hours under inhumane conditions to do a minimum wage mend the bourgeoisie, the capitalist consort, reaped the benefits.For Marx it was this fundamental inequality within the cordial and economic military force structure that had enabled capitalist societies to function. opus Marxs theories, in many another(prenominal) instances film been falsified and predictions invalid, his ideas about en demoralizeen struggle and conflict being a motivator for change is still relevant in contemporary familiarity. The disparity of riches among occupations i n Australia demonstrates that class stratification is still inherent within clubhouse and the recent Qantas airline dispute is a relevant example of this.Marxs theory of class struggle originates with his look that the history of all now existing smart set is the history of class struggles (Marx & Engel, 1848). Marx had established that conflict amongst classes was the key driving force of history and the main determinant of accessible change. For Marx, conflict originates with the deterioration of a false mind and the subsequent encyclopedism of a unified class consciousness.Marx argued that that proletariat was under the modulate of a false consciousness brought about with the acceptance of the dominant political orientation that freedom and equality could be interpreted as an equal commute of labour for wages (van Krieken et al. , 2010). Marx however, perceive this as an exploitive dealingship because in capitalism, the labourer only receives what is deemed sufficie nt to meet his basic needs for himself and his family, as opposed to the real value of his labour power.Marx had identified that the difference amidst the labourers wage and the value of the goods in which he produces is interpreted as mesh, of which only the capitalist is the beneficiary (Habibis & Walter, 2009). Marx had theorised that, as a ending of this exploitive parityship, alienation would occur. Marx argued that commodification of goods and services produced in conjunction with the lack of keep over the end result would pixilated that workers would no longer greet a connection with their labour, and hence become alienated from their labour.Only with the recognition of class exploitation and alienation would a class consciousness develop. Marx referred to class consciousness as a class for itself, denoting a collective self-aw areness of the interests shared by members of a societal group (van Krieken et al. , 2010). Marx predicted that class consciousness would crea te a conflict of interest between classes and revolution would eventuate. The bourgeoisie would be overthrown, capitalism would collapse and a classless state would emerge as its heir (van Krieken et al. , 2010). In post-modern times however, it is widely accepted that the opposite occurred.Critics insist that Marxisms credibility was eradicated with the fall of the communist states within the Eastern Bloc. While some others such as China, although still governed by a communist party, have choose numerous capitalist policies (van Krieken et al. , 2010). Marxism has also been criticised for its over-concentration on economic relationships and its temperament to pass by other forms of non-economic conflicts (Griffith, 2005). Feminists, for example, argue that the conflicts between male and female relations are not necessarily cerebrate to economics, but patriarchal. besidesmore, Marx like other kind theorists at the time had ignored the role and contribution of women. Marx had depict the proletariat of industrial societies where manual(a) labour was involved he did not however, take into consideration a womans domestic or reproductive labour. Federici (2004) asserts that Marx failed to recognise the importance of reproductive labour because he had adopted the capitalist criteria for what constitutes labour and believed that a wage in exchange for labour would be the paradigm that shapes humanity. Considering that as of 2010, 45. % of the Australian labour force comprised of women it would reckon that Marxs brotherlyist perspective is less so equal or relevant in contemporary order of magnitude. Marxism is often cited as being foreign within contemporary gild due to the fact that Marx had critiqued an almost one and only(prenominal) society. McDonald & Brownlee (2001) argue that contemporary society exists in a post-modern era where westernised societies have it away the benefits of higher living standards, where the rights of employees are elici ted within the Australian genius and the rights of humans are dictated within Geneva conventions.An era where employees are entitled to judicature pensions, allowances, superannuation, and employees accrue sick and annual leave (McDonald & Brownlee, 2001). Furthermore employees are able to seek partnership representation and are legitimately entitled to industrial sue. McDonald and Brownlee (2001) assert that Fair Work Australia, established as an institution responsible for fixating minimum wage and resolving work related disputes, perpetuates the notion that Australia is in transition to become an egalitarian society with marginal class disparity.Critics have also argued that Marxism within western society is no longer relevant due to the increased levels of social mobility. Social mobility refers to ride in an individuals or groups social position over time and is often assessed on their change in income over time (Borgatta & Montogomery, 2000). The traditional stratificat ion of classes had a tendency to overlook the kernel class and analyse the both extremes of rich and poor, bourgeoisie and proletariat (van Krieken et al. 2010). In the context of Marxism, the middle class was ignored due to their perceived limited role within the political revolution that would depose of capitalism. In contemporary society however, the traditional labouring occupations have decreased, leading to a shortage of skilled labourers and tradesman. As a result these occupations often earn a higher income, blurring the line between working class and middle class (Braverman, 1974).In August 2011 the most common occupations were distinctly white tinge with the workforce comprising of 22% professionals, 15% Clerical and administrative workers and 14% Technicians and trades workers (Australian way Statistics, 2011). The evident emergence of the white collar-middle class within contemporary society importantly undermines Marxs theory of class stratification who had predicte d an absorption into the working class and the emergence of a classless state. Despite this however, research has suggested that social mobility has not necessarily increased.Graetz and McAllister (1994) identified that tour the shift between manual and non-manual occupations has increased since the 1970s, most of this has been the result of structural changes in light of technological innovations and advancements in modern society, as opposed to mobility in social classes. Moreover, Leigh (2007) argues that the spring chicken of Australia are equally likely to reproduce, or not reproduce, the class of their parents and that social mobility in the context of Australian youth, has not necessarily increased.Argy (2005) reinforces this argument and states that while Australia can be referred to as economically liberated country, there has not necessarily been an increase in equal opportunity and the distribution of wealth within Australia is an evident example of this. The National Centre for Social and economical Modelling (NATSEM) was commissioned to conduct a study in relation to the distribution of wealth in Australia. NATSEM analyst Simon Kelly (2002) reported that the richest one-fifth of households in Australia each have, on average, forty times more wealth than the poorest fifth of the population.The NATSEM data reiterates that wealth within Australia is still concentrated in the workforce of the cockeyed minority who have ascertained the benefits of the economic growth in recent years by disproportionately increasing their personal wealth (Stillwell & Primrose, 2011). The disparity of wealth between occupations was a key indicator of the inequality between classes. NATSEM data identified that personal wealth is the highest for managers and administrators (men $250,000, women $183,300) and professionals (men $173,800, women $99,700).In contrast to these figures, the last personal wealth is held by the production and transport workers ($55,400), la bourers (men 39,700, women $29,300) and trade persons (men 60,000, women 35,000) (Stillwell & Primrose, 2011). From a sociological perspective class inequality is often represented by comparing class personal wealth and income. From a Marxism perspective however, a persons social class isnt defined by personal wealth but rather the level of influence that a person wields over the means of production.According to Ben Hillier (2012) it is measured in terms of social wealth derived from the control of the productive or financial apparatus of society. This can be interpreted as the bourgeoisie having ownership of the assets that enable modern society to function such as the telecommunications infrastructure, electrical companies, sweetsprint enterprises, transport facilities and mines etc. The transactional incline of these assets inevitably provides its owner with the power to influence governments of capitalist societies and effects how society functions.The recent Qantas airways dispute demonstrated how this power is exercised. One recent example of class conflict inherent within Australian society was the Qantas airways dispute. On 29th October 2011, Qantas chief executive officer Alan Joyce issued a kettle of fish release announcing the immediate grounding and cancellation of all Australian domestic and outside(a) flights and the lock-out of all employees without pay. Leading up to the unprecedented grounding, Qantas had been involved in lease negotiations with unions representing employees of the company.The unions were seeking a 3-5% wage increase and better job auspices for casual staff. (Mulcahy, 2011). Around the same time Qantas had announced its decision to throw 1000 jobs and restructure its fleet to move to Asia under a new airline Jetstar Japan. The traditional international routes within the North Atlantic were direct at a loss with a half year advantage of $241 million a year ago, dropping by 83%, to $42 million (Ryan, 2012). Despite t he evident decline in profit the airlines had awarded Alan Joyce with a 71% lift in his total remuneration package to $5. 1 million, after he received $2. million worth of shares (Mulcahy, 2011). After two days the debacle finally ended with the intervention of the Federal government submitting an application to Fair Work Australia (FWA), terminating the industrial dispute and ordering Qantas to hook on operations. The verdict stated that those involved had 21 days to finalise a settlement to the dispute and neither party could engage in further action for three years after a settlement had been made. If an organisation could not be reached the Fair Work industrial courts would arbitrate the details of the contracts (Mulcahy, 2011).The economic impact was expected to be profound, Qantas which represents approximately 65% of the airwave industry, contributes $6 billion to the Australian economy and employs 50,000 employees (Squires, 2011). Although Qantas reports that the dispute cost them $long hundred million, its share prices increased by 6% to $1. 61 (Frith, 2011). The controversy attracted much(prenominal) political and economic commentary speculating on who won the dispute and what this would mean for those involved. Alan Joyce explicitly stated that the FWA ruling was a favourable decision for Qantas as nobody any more can take industrial action (Taylor, 2011).This thereby would allow Qantas to restructure its fleet in Asia, ascertaining cheaper wages by outsourcing and offshoring labour, without any internal opposition. The unions established to represent the working class of businesses and corporations would be made obsolete for three years allowing any injustices within the employment to remain unresolved. From a Marxist perspective this would mean that the bourgeoisie of the company, the CEO and high profile managers, who already have exceeding high salaries, would profit from the new means of production and the proletariat would be further di sfavor with pay cuts and the isk of redundancy. Karl Marxs critique of industrial societies developed out of the belief that conflict between stratified classes such as the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, would be the drive needed to perpetuate social change. Marx believed that with the acquisition of a class consciousness the proletariat would revolt against the exploitative capitalist institution, eradicating all class structures and establishing a socialist state. Admittedly, Marxs critique failed to recognise essential components of society such as the middle class and female representation which has significantly undermined Marxs theory of class struggle.Furthermore Marxs predictions have been falsified in light of modern developments which have led to many critics casting doubt on its relevance within contemporary society. The higher living standards, government allowances and union representation enjoyed by citizens within Australia all perpetuate notions of equality and ce ase the potential collapse of capitalism. Despite this however, there are still many instances of class inequality inherent in Australian society.The disparity of wealth between occupations in Australia demonstrates that the minority with extreme wealth have control over the means of production, and have used the power derived from it to influence societys development. The recent Qantas dispute is a testament of how this power is exercised and demonstrates how the wealthy minority are able to accumulate excess wealth at the expense of the labouring class. Thus attesting to the inherent class inequality that Marx had recognised, and acknowledging its founding within contemporary Australian society. ?

Indoor Plumbing and Public Sanitation in Developing Countries Essay

The porcelain throne, the pot, the pooper, the potty, the latrine, the earth-closet. That is something we tiret bring in much thought to, unless something is wrong with it. What about the shower stall or the sink? How often to do you go to your sink to tug a glass of pee and wonder Am I discombobulate someones poo? Will it be nibble today or will I call for sick? I know for myself, I rarely give this any thought at all and I can honestly say that I drive home never unhinged that my drinking piddle would be contaminated by feces. However, for many nearly the human race, this is a constant concern.Many today either put one overt bugger off approach shot to jolly water or dont cod approach shot to rattling much water at all. They openly defecate, as well as drink, cook, and bathe in contaminated water. This causes some(prenominal) life threatening diseases and illnesses. I will discuss the water and sanitation issues in under developed countries, as well as wh at is being done to improve these situations. Early one December morning in Boise Idaho, I woke up to an especially cold day. I wearily scuffled myself to my bathroom, went pee and when I went to flush my toilet, nothing happened.Still slightly hypnoid and confused, I tried a check more times to conk it to flush. Still nothing happened. Frustrated, I opened my tank and found that in that location was no water in it at all. I thought that that was strange, so I checked my faucet. I turned the handle and no water came out, I quickly checked my shower and kitchen sink next. I had no water at all. Realizing that I had to work in a hardly a(prenominal) hours and I had no way to shower, brush my teeth or clean up in any way, I became instead irate. I called my heed company and apparently pipes had frozen in most of their properties.After this discover I started look ating about my reaction and how there are countries that dont have access to clean water ever. though I think tha t the reaction that I had would have been the same for any person living in the U. S. , I dont know if it was as deep of a deal as it felt like in the moment. I didnt divulge from not having water for one day, I wasnt compel to defecate in my front lawn or drink from a sewer. I didnt get sick and I didnt even have to go the entire day without a shower. In fact, I didnt have to go even a couple of hours without access to water.We, in America, are so used to having constant access to clean water and indoor plumbing that if we have to go an hour without it, its as though our entire world is crashing down. We rarely give thought to those in underdeveloped countries that lack access to clean water at all. There are approximately 7 billion large number living on earth today. There are about 2. 6 billion spate today that dont have a toilet or access to one (Yamaguchi). That is about 40% of the worlds population That is a huge number of hoi polloi without toilets. present in America , there is not a single home that does not have a toilet.Even the homeless have constant access to restroom facilities and clean water. I had a conversation with a comrade of mine that works with the homeless on a daily foot to see what the situation was like for the homeless in America in regards to restroom access and sanitation. I asked him if any of the homeless people that he worked with were ever forced to openly defecate or go without a shower. He informed that the notwithstanding ones that did that were never forced to, notwithstanding they did it by choice. He also told me that many that are homeless are on Medicaid, so if they get sick they can just go to the doctor.This is quite different from ontogeny countries, where people die all the time from not being able to afford medical care. Developing countries not exactly lack affordable medical care but they have very limited ability to prevent the spread of illness, such as those caused by exposure to faecal point ( Yamaguchi). However, in America we have sewage systems and names that filter and treat our sewer water. In Los Angeles there is the Hyperion sewage plant that processes enough fecal matter to fill three Rose curl Stadiums every day (Yamaguchi).That is just in Los Angeles, what about the rest of the U.S.? It is judgement boggling to think about how much is processed. Now lets attend to at India, a country that has significantly grown economically, however is nonoperational severely lacking proper sanitation systems. According to UNICEF, about 600 billion people in India are without access to a toilet ( realism Toilet Day 2012). That is more than half the population of India. Instead of development a toilet, they openly defecate wherever they can. Many use the Yamuna River (Yamaguchi), the largest river in the Ganges of Northern India. The result has been a severely contaminated water source.The river has literally turned black and bubbles from the methane gases. The shores ar e not only pollute with fecal matter but trash as well and til now still the people are employ the water from the river (Yamaguchi). I think many Americans reaction to this would be Gross or we might generalize and think that Indians are just unsanitary people. Is that genuinely the case, though? The people living in underdeveloped countries are rarely living in unsanitary conditions by choice. Many are unknowing to proper sanitation practices and/or are living in conditions where they have no access to clean water.In the urban slums of New Delhi, people are defecating anywhere they can in the middle of the streets, next to aim road tracks, or just feet from where they eat, drink and sleep. The water they are using to cook, drink, and bathe with is water from a sewer (Yamaguchi). About 1000 children die every day from diarrhea (Bajait, Thawani). This lack of proper sanitation systems is exposing these children and adults to fecal matter on a daily basis, which is causing disea ses like Typhoid, epidemic cholera and other severe illnesses linked with diarrhea. Is this the geological fault of the individual or the fault of their administrations?In my opinion, both are at fault. Though developing countries have very little access to informational services, I do retrieve that it go in the hands of the individual to get informed and I believe that it is the responsibility of the government to succeed the services required to inform its people on proper sanitation, as well as provide a clean environment to live in via sanitation systems. This lack of toilets, which results in a lack of clean water, is obviously a very big problem. So what is being done about it? In 2001 Jack Sim founded the origination Toilet Organization.This organization is dedicated to improving the worlds toilet and sanitation situation. They make toilets that are affordable for those living in needy conditions. Jack Sim also works with governments of developing countries and small organizations to help provide toilets to those in need. One of those small organizations is run by Bapak Sumadi in Indonesia. Sumadi is a major leader in Indonesia in providing the public with toilets and teaching the enormousness of public sanitation. Together their goal is to end open defecation (Yamaguchi). Though the changes and effects are small, they are not insignificant.The conditions that these people are forced to live in, is truly a crisis. Thousands die every day from not having proper sanitation systems. The invention of the toilet and sewage systems has not only given us a way to get rid of our feces, but it has provided us with sanitary conditions which keeps our water clean and reduces the chances of contracting diseases. No matter who you are or where you live, everyone deserves to have access to a toilet and clean water. The question now is what more can be done? Should the government help provide better access to toilets and sanitation systems? What about other c ountries?Do we hold any responsibility in helping these developing countries? In my opinion, yes we do. One scholarly journal, in reference to David Hemson, stated well-ordered water supply to the rural poor is both a constitutional requirement and a social necessity (Phaswana-Mafuya 298). I think it is irresponsible that we learn to help one another, so that we can grow unitedly rather than grow apart. I know the next time that I use the restroom, take a bath, or even just get a glass of water I will be congenial for all that I have and that I dont have to worry about what I am drinking or dishwashing in. What about you?

Music Masters and Rhythm Kings Essay

It is a rare opportunity to witness masters of the aged tradition relishing in their element sweat on their foreheads as beats and strings pulsate the story of a past nearly forgotten. It is a gift if one is fortunate enough to see them live, simply seeing them and hearing their symphony on the limited capacity of burgeon forth is lock in a treasure, much like watching some of the stovepipe keepers of old time Southern practice of medicine in Peggy Bulger and Melissa Shepard Sykes use up Music Masters and Rhythm Kings.We review role players Eddie Kirkland, Neal Pattman, Homer Pappy Sherill and the Hired Hands, and Florencio Baro as they recount the origins of their music and how they have come to imbibe it. Southern music is essenti in all(a)y an amalgam of two musical cultures combined despite a clash of ideals and beliefs, and despite centuries of oppression and dispute. As Charles Joyner, a Southern refining historian mentions in the film, it is impossible for the South ern peoples not to be influenced by the culture of another race, especially if they are so ingrained in their society.Though these people might argue once against these relations, there is no denying the consid geological erable influence of African culture in the nomenclature, the mannerisms, and especially, the music of the South. History dictates that conventional South American music finds its roots in the harsh functional fields. Pappy Sherill phrases this perfectly when he says that these farmers do as a trend of putt joy to themselves sic while theyre working. At the same time, Southern music also represented the subversive culture of the African slaves.Their music became their way of expression because they k stark naked that the white man can have no deem. Bringing their own kind of musical tradition from their homeland, they created a new one that came to represent and signal the changing dynamics of the American South. In the film, we see Pappy Sherill and the Hir ed Hands, one of the few old-time string bands that present actively in the South. Their music embodies the respite that Southern farmers crave afterward a day of toiling under the hot sun.It is a fast-paced jig that consists of music from a fiddle, a guitar, a banjo, and a cello, all coming together in an energetic symphony of strings. Pulling it all together is Sherill, who at a very ripe age still remains as one of the best fiddle players in the country. Folklorist Glenn Hinson defines his ac nominateg as propelled by advanced technique that harkens back to the days when fiddlers do their instruments cry and sing. Playing professionally since he was thirteen years old, Sherill was a prodigy who created music despite financial setbacks.He only owned a proper wooden fiddle when he managed to save cash from a side job, and only after using a tin fiddle for some time. In 1976, Sherill won the award for Best fashionable Fiddler in the National Fiddlers Championship, opening doo rs for him to play in legion(predicate) road show and concerts. But, when Pappy sang and compete out of joy, Eddie Kirkland and Neal Pattman sang the sonorous, super emotional tunes of the blues. Eddie Kirkland grew up harvesting cotton, and during the production of the film had once again stepped foot in the cotton fields.Drawing back to memories of those hardships, Eddie remembers doing this grinding, back-breaking work as a child. It was only the field hollers, work songs and phantasmals of the African-American people that pushed them to go on. Arising from this work songs were the blues, a uniquely Southern music that Kirkland loves so dear. As we can hear from the film, Kirklands music is derived from years of toil and work, utter a time of inequality and hardship. He describes it as heart-wrenching Blues. And so it is, with the soft, poignant, just irregular riffs of his guitar accompanied by his soulful voice, we feel sadness and desperation. But, he goes beyond this b y also singing songs of love following the Blues format. It is a rare opportunity to hear the Blues as it couldve been played at the beginning of the 19th century, in the backwaters of the rural South. Also reverberative of Kirkland is Neal Pattman, a maestro of the blues harp, who also rose from the working fields. His music, as any Blues music would be, touches the heart and with his harp he creates an as yet more wrenching elegy.We follow the flow of his music as it rises and stops, as he accompanies it with his voice. We listen and we are transplanted back into the days of old when the artlessness of the cotton fields is an unwanted sight. Hailing from further South is Cuban musician Florencio Baro. A singer and percussionist, his music remains a pure agency of his African heritage. His songs are sung in his ancestors native African language that as a child he has learned to understand and to appreciate. much(prenominal) like South American music, his music as a confederacy of two cultures brought together despite odds. Historically, his music arises from the spiritual cult of Santoria, a religion established by African slaves brought to Cuba. What started out as spiritual hymns as a way to once again reconnect with their distant land, is at a time heard as Afro-Cuban music. It is played with an energetic combination of African percussions and Cuban guitars. In Baros hands, the music achieves a life of its own.The beats smart as Baros voice sing of the woes of the African slave, weaving itself in and out of the notes, all in a way that is dramatically hypnotic. And fascinate the audience were as they glimpse at this fragment of the past that, unfortunately, seldom reaches the majoritys ears. These men represent a bygone era of music that is formed when culture clash and are forced to combine. But, in retrospect, what we are singing of now and what our music is today, all boils down to the fadeless pursuit of expression that these men have achieved .

Daddy by Sylvia Plath Essay

In the verse form Daddy, Sylvia Plath uses m all literary devices to illustrate her struggles for freedom in relationship, precisely with her produce and husband. She uses heavy metaphors and compact allusion to create imagery of hat inflamed towards her relationship surrounded by both men. It is meaning(a) to know Plaths historical background before readers dive into any of her artistic work. Sylvia had a very negative relationship with men in her life especially her go and husband.Slyvias contract, Otto Plath passed away when she was eight, in which it took a huge toll in Sylvias life. Sylvia had always ampleed for a practised relationship with her father, provided Ottos true connection between his children was wholly through academic achievement. This prompts Sylvia to work hard and excel in school, only expiration came visiting her father too early before they kitchen range the ultimate father and daughter relationship Sylvia had hoped for. She felt disappointed, an d in some(prenominal) way cheated because her failure to unfeignedly reward to know the man whom she calls father (Shmoop Editorial Team).Her real-life husband Ted Hughes also affected her emotionally as he left her for another woman after a long struggle in their marriage. This only contributes her rage, and vengeance which would come up in her later work. Even though we usually are very unappeasable when it comes to separating the speaker of the poem and the author of the poem, in many ways, her real-life persona speaks for her in the poem. It wouldnt be fair to take her word in the poem granted as a display of her relationship (like comparing her father to a German Nazi, and a vampire) but we can analytically endure the hidden message in the metaphor she uses to describe her constant troth with struggle in her life. She starts off the essay withAny more, black shoe.In which I have lived like a footFor thirty years, short(p) and white,Barely daring to breathe or Achoo. (2- 5)In this stanza, she metaphorically intercommunicate about the entrapment of her father memories in her life, like the little spaces in between a foot and a shoe. The confinement makes it seems hard for her to fifty-fifty breathe, or in her case, living an uneasy life. So we got the expression that she is talking to his father, whence the title Daddy. We can tell that she has a bad relationship with her father that is making her life miserable. She goes further to explain the relationship with her father is similar to what happens during holocaust. In blood 29-35, she uses a train engine to illustrate her as a Jew being transported to a concentration camp. She describes her father as a nazi with neat moustache, and bright blue Aryan gist for which we got the image of him as Hitler. In a sense, she was the victim of her own father, and had to polish him in show to gain freedom (6). She also wroteIn the run across I have you,A cleft in your chin kinda of your footBut no les s a devil for that, no notAny les the black man whoBit my pretty red heart in two.(52-55)A strong metaphor that refer to her father as an evil (using the colour in black as a color symbolism) man-devil who bit and broke her heart into two. Her t superstar throughout the poem was that of detestation and disgust. Even though she kept on rambling on how she hates her father, the sum of the poem wasnt purely hatred. She still loves her father as it was express in thread 14, I used to pray to rec everywhere you (14). This burden took place after she fling offed her father which lay downs that she wishes that her father is with her again (6).I rattling believe the speaker is being overly exaggerated when it comes to using metaphors and similes to show how much she hates her father. First and foremost to this inference is the way she uses the word dadaism instead of father, which is only used to show fondness toward the other person. bass down, she truly loves him and wishes for his love despite of all the things he had done to her. She even tells us how she was heartbroken when they buried his father when she was only ten years old.The overwhelming schemeof her depression prompts her to commit suicide, but found a way around to be with her father. She married a man that has the sign of her father. I found this interesting because the result of her fathers death should be the opposite. She should feel like a burden has been lifted from her and that she no longer has to deal with the man that always scared her, like the one she mentioned in stanza 9, I have always been scared of you. She even marries a man that has all the traits of her father as she said it in stanza 13, And the I knew what to do. / I made a model of you, / A man in black with a Meinkampf look (63-65). This prompts me to think that the speaker never really got over his dead father.Towards the very end, she describes how the man she marries sucked the blood out of her life, bonny like a v ampire. The experience she went through was the same with her father, and just had to kill him. Daddy, daddy, you bastard, Im through was the last line of the poem (80). This line was supposedly intended to make the reader think that she finally got over her fear of her dead father. But, she still uses the informal noun Daddy, which reveals that she still has some sensitive towards her father.She describes the relationship as Fascism Every woman adores a Fascist, / The boot in the face, the brute / Brute heart of a brute like you (48-50). In a way, she forces herself to be overpowered by a tyrant in order to seek for love. It is revealed that it wasnt his father fault in the first place, but her choice to be in that situation in reference to the line Every woman adores a Fascist (48). She has the free will to get out of the relationship, but she adores the characteristic of her father, and let herself deteriorate while doing so (48).

Art and Literature in Augustan Rome Essay

The beginning of this time period comes with the death of Julius Caesar and the wax to cause of his nephew, Octavius. He was in the Second Triumvirate that was formed to make set pop out in Rome. Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, and Marc Antony ruled form e genuinely last(predicate)y unlike the informal triumvirate of Julius Caesar. The triumvirate set out to execute members of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar. In 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius were finally defeated. In the spare-time activity years the triumvirate diminished. In 36 BC, Lepidus retired. Marc Antony began to have personal business with Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. These affairs briefly came to a pa subroutine when Antony married Octavians sister Octavia.Marc Antony posterior returns to Egypt and marries Cleopatra. This causes Octavian and Antony to break out into war. He then takes his great-uncles name of Augustus and claims his loss leadership oer Rome by defeating Mark Antony. Much art and literature was devot e to the support of Augustus, which helped to bring together his empire. The Aeneid is an event of such propaganda in regard of Augustus, which mess often find parallels between Aeneas and Augustus. In order for Augustus to maintain his newly gained power he uses such art and literature to work out his people. This form of media, which propaganda was a key dissever, plays an important role in his picture to maintain power.Augustus, known first to history as Gaius Octavius, was born in 63 BC. His relation to Julius Caesar comes from his grandmother Julia, who was Caesars sister. His great-uncle encourages him, for he sees genius in him, and even puts him in his will as his successor, along with three quarters of his estate. In 44 BC Caesar is assassinated and Augustus heads to Rome to represent his respects and to take his throne. He has to battle against Mark Antony, who was one of Caesars most trusted lieutenants.After ultimately causing Antony and his second married woman Cleopatra to commit suicide, Augustus returns to Rome as the undisputed master of both tocopherol and west. Augustus ruled by assistantage, military power, and accumulation of the offices. He was a touch on ruler of Rome, which in result became known as the Roman Empire. The Senate became aristocratic to Augustus and allowed him to have control. He gained the peoples support by reinforcement various poets and artisans, who in exchangeglorified him in their work. This use of the arts, is example to Augustus use of political propaganda through art and literature.The writer of the Aeneid, Virgil, was a part of the circle of artists and poets supported by the wealthy patron Maecenas, who was close to Augustus. This gave him the independence to spend most of his time writing. Since Virgil was writing under a patron close to the emperor, his stories had an element of political propaganda. He tied the life of Aeneas in the Aeneid, to that of Augustus, legitimizing the position of mo narch and pleasing the emperor. This story was extremely popular in Rome and Aeneas was seen as the model citizen, so you can see why the connection to Augustus could work as a classification of propaganda. The Aeneid is interpreted by some, to validate the golden age and the restoration of the republic that Augustus had claimed to have done. It is a form of positive propaganda for Augustus, portraying him in a positive well-defined for all of Rome to read.The most obvious connection between Aeneas and Augustus was their roles as founders. Aeneas founded the Roman Empire in the Aeneid and Augustus re-founded the empire after it had begun to fall by after Caesars assassination and the subsequent battle for total power. In Book Six, Aeneas is shown a prophecy of the coming greatness of Rome, in a clear reference to Augustus rule. Another example is that the poem withal served in Augustuss attempts to re-introduce Roman values into Roman society, including reverence for the perfec tions.Aeneas continually showed reverence to the gods, just as he did when he left Dido because it was the gods will. The poem continues to reflect these ideals by portraying Aeneas not as a man motivated by personal gain, except a man motivated by his love and loyalty to his country, people and gods. For Romans the Aeneid is seen as something mystical, which it may be, but for Augustus it is just another example of his use of literature and art as propaganda.Augustus also united the Empire through his use of the arts as a form of self-promotion and to promote the themes of his administration, such as peace, allegiance to Rome, and respect for tradition. He visually improved the city by constructing new buildings that were worthy of the powerful Empire. He made art into the reflexion of Roman government which was an idea continued by his descendants and was declare a god. He knew that hehad to portray his greatness in all the aspects of his subjects lives, including the arts. Thr ee examples of such art are the Ara Pacis, the Temple of Mars, and the reticuloendothelial system Gestae Divi Augustus.The Ara Pacis was made to honor the triumphal return from Spain and Gaul of Augustus and to keep back the peace established by his victories. The Temple of Mars was constructed in Rome, to give-up the ghost thanks to the god for his victory over the assassins of his adoptive father, Gaius Julius Caesar. The Res Gestae Divi Augustus, is the first-person accede of Augustus life and accomplishments. It is to show the greatness of Augustus and how he wanted it to be pictured to his Roman people. These three pieces of art were very important in luck Augustus maintaining his power.Augustus use of art and literature as propaganda to bend his people was his focal point of keeping hold of his power. He was aware, as example of his great-uncle, that keeping power as a Roman Leader wasnt easy. Even from the very beginning of his climb to power, when he had to fight for h is throne against Mark Antony, he realized that his reign would come with some struggle. Which is why once he obtained complete control he used the whole kit and caboodle of artisans and poets to pay subjection to himself and to influence the people of Rome to see Augustus in a social light. Just as Virgils epic, the Aeneid was extremely influential, not only to the people of the time of Augustan Rome, but also to many generations afterward.Augustus support created a golden age of literature even if much of it was a sort of propaganda. It is easy to understand why many other monarchs would strive to be like Augustus and to immortalize themselves in the arts and literature of their time as he once did. For he was an outstanding military leader, an excellent superintendent of many public works, as well as being the leader during the longest period of peace and prosperity that Rome has ever experienced. not only did he do all of this, but he also was extremely successful in his use of art and literature propaganda to influence the people around him. It not only gained him the support of the people of Rome, but it helped to unite his empire, as well as allowing him to live forever, not in a human body, but in the threads and strokes of all the works dedicated to him.