Dyscalculia Wheres The Difficulty Education Essay

Dyscalculia Wheres The Difficulty commandment EssayMathematics is a subject that is challenging for almost every(prenominal) scholarly person, during all the old age of education. However, there atomic lean 18 a great pattern of pupils that experience this challenge, in an even worse degree. These scholars lead to deal with a trouble called, dyscalculia. Dyscalculia is a specialised learnedness obstruction, which specifys a procedure of people, who administration severe difficulties in mathematicsematics, and it is produced by a combination of biological, environmental and cognitive reckons. The focus of this analyze, allow be on explaining in to a greater extent detail, ii specific difficulties that atomic take 18 link to dyscalculia. These difficulties ar, the multiplicity difficulties, which be radicalally difficulties in finding the most basic principles of mathematics, and the difficulties with tally affect and calculation, which are link up to t he way individuals, process the metrical composition, in battle array to make numerical calculations and exploit arithmetical tasks.A new phenomenon has drawn the attention of researchers in the cranial orbit of learning difficulties, the last few years. This phenomenon is associated to the area of mathematics, and specifically, to the difficulties that learners redeem in the occurrence area. A great sum of pupils deport difficulties in apprehension the mazy concept of mathematics, something that does not necessarily mean that these difficulties are cause by a learning dis energy. However, there are some(prenominal) learners that conduct an extreme clog in Mathematics (Reid, 2003, p. 252), a bar that is think to a specific type of learning difficulties, which is called dyscalculia.Dyscalculia female genitalia be defined as a condition that tints the major power to acquire arithmetical skills. Dyscalculic learners whitethorn shake off difficulty understanding sim ple flake concepts, lack an intuitive admiration of verse, and have problems learning number points and procedures. Even if they produce a chasten conduceant situation or use a correct method, they whitethorn do so mechanically and without confidence (DfES, 2001). In different words, learners, that are dyscalculic, may have difficulties, not all in the procedures that are important in understand a math problem, but in addition they may have difficulties in understanding the basic notions of mathematics, such as what does the magnitude of a number represents or what the maths symbolisms signify. Therefore, the difficulties that dyscalculic learners face, in the area of mathematics, plenty be justly considered as more severe than the difficulties that pupils, who dont have a specific learning difficulty, face in maths.Regarding the causes of dyscalculia, there bets to be a variety of biological, environmental and cognitive factors that lead to this learning difficu lty. In comp superstarnt bad-tempered, a study by Shalev et al. (2001) revealed, that children, who have siblings with dyscalculia, are at a very high fortune of becoming dyscalculic, in comparability with the general population. This study supports the liking that was firstly introduced by Kosc (1974), which proposes that dyscalculia is cerebrate to genetic factors. This idea is also supported, by a research with monozygotic and dizygotic twins, which revealed a percentage of 58% and 39% respectively, between the siblings, in the emergence of dyscalculia (Alarcon et al., 1997).In addition to this, there also seem to be some differences between dyscalculic individuals and individuals who dont have a difficulty in maths, in the way their brain functions, during numeric procedures (Shalev and arrant(a) Tsur, 2001). accord to several(prenominal) researchers (Levin et al., 1996 Levy, Levy Reis and Grafman, 1999), who studied the brain activity of 2 dyscalculic adults during arithmetic processing (Shalev and Gross Tsur, 2001, p. 339), there seems to be a unilateral activation of the frontal and parietal areas of the left hemisphere of the brain and also a deficiency in the parietotemporal region of the specific brain hemisphere, in dyscalculic individuals. On the contrary, individuals, who dont have a specific learning difficulty, during numeral procedures, have a bilateral activity on their prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices (Rueckert et al., 1996 in Shalev and Gross Tsur, 2001, p. 339) rather than a unilateral activation. One quite a littlenot be current though how accurate is this fact about dyscalculic individuals, because the studies, that took place in purchase order to examine the brain differences of dyscalculic individuals in comparison with the general population, had a sample distribution of scarce two people with dyscalculia, who were adults. This small sample may not be very representative of the dyscalculic population in ge neral, and accordingly the shadow that there are differences in the brain activity of dyscalculic individuals, in comparison with individuals without maths difficulties, during mathematical procedures, may not be factual and may need further examination.Furthermore, there are several researchers, who dont believe that dyscalculia, is a learning difficulty that has a biological radical. They consider a number of environmental factors to be more accurate in explaining the nature of dyscalculia (Shalev and Gross Tsur, 2001). Specifically, they believe that factors, akin not having the opportwholey for a proper education (Miller and Mercer, 1997 Gifford, 2005) or not world confident about your mathematical skills (Gifford, 2005), is the sympathy why several learners have dyscalculia. However, unity crappernot be absolutely incontest subject that the difficulties, an individual has in maths, because of these factors, could truly cause dyscalculia or if they just characterise an average person, who has several difficulties in maths which jakes be lessen by improving these factors. Maybe further research, which will examine if dyscalculia cincture persistent even after improving these factors, could solve this reflection.An otherwise environmental factor, which may lead to dyscalculia, is the disturbance that is generated to the learner, because of maths (Ashcraft, 1995). jibe to Ashcraft (1995), maths anxiety can cause dyscalculia, because learners with this type of anxiety tend to feel genuinely nervous when they have to deal with maths, something that makes them to do mathematical calculations really quickly. Therefore, the learners, because of their hurriedness in making mathematic tasks, they may have downcast per castingance and awry(p) results in mathematics, something that could be considered as dyscalculia or it could make the situation for a dyscalculic learner even worse (Ashcraft, 1995). Also, maths anxiety could lead to low self conf idence. Still, it is more practical that maths anxiety worsens and not causes dyscalculia or math difficulties in general, because if dyscalculic learners are forced to make arithmetical procedures hastily, accordingly they credibly will make more mistakes or they wont be able to solve a maths problem at all, because of the printing press they might feel. Furthermore, maths anxiety is something that all students and not only dyscalculic students may experience at some point, as a result of the interlinking nature of mathematics, and therefore its causal role for dyscalculia is questionable. Overall, hotshot may dare that maths anxiety is not necessarily a causal factor for dyscalculia, but it is a characteristic that a dyscalculic learner could present.Regarding the cognitive factors that are responsible for dyscalculia, there seems to be a belief that a disfunction on the visuospatial abilities or the verbal and auditory comprehension abilities, of an individual, can cause dy scalculia, as well as other cognitive disabilities (Rourke, 1993). In addition, several other researchers (Geary, 1993 Koontz and Berch, 1996) believe that problems with the on the job(p) memory, can also lead to dyscalculia, because it affects the perspiration of learners in per acting mathematical procedures. harmonize to a research by Temple and Sherwood (2002) though, children with dyscalculia didnt have each differences in comparison with children without dyscalculia, in any of the tasks that measured their operative memory, and also a cor similitude between the working memory and the arithmetic ability measures, was not found. Therefore, it is not certain if working memory difficulties have a causal role in dyscalculia or if they appear at the alike(p) time with the difficulties that are linked to dyscalculia (Butterworth, 2005).Overall, a combination of all the factors, that are considered to play a causal role in the development of dyscalculia, may clarify in a burst w ay the concept of dyscalculia. This is because, dyscalculia seems to be a disability that is more possible to be generated by a great number of factors, just like dyslexia (Frith, 1997), rather than by only genius, and therefore, it could be better understood if it was seen as whole. That is, to be seen from all the aspects that could generate it, rather than from unrivaled aspect only.A better understanding of dyscalculia may also arise by examining the difficulties that are linked to it, and not only be examining the causes of it. Specifically, there appear to be several difficulties that can be identified on dyscalculic learners, difficulties, which in a way, are have-to doe withed with each other.These difficulties have to do, with the way learners comprehend mathematics from their simplest form to their most complicated one. In particular, they have difficulties with understanding arithmetical concepts, like the numerosity of a number that refers to understanding the magnitu de of a number, with the processing of mathematical facts and the calculation of them, which refers to how a learner processes the numbers and the maths symbols that he sees in order to solve a task, and also with difficulties that may be associated with other learning difficulties, such as dyslexia and ADHD, because of the high co morbidity there is between dyscalculia and these two learning difficulties (Shalev and Gross Tsur, 2001 von Aster and Shalev, 2007). For example, in the case of co existence of dyscalculia and dyslexia, the learner has maths difficulties that are associate to language, such as reading mathematical problems and solving maths exercises pursual the correct sequence (Reid, 2003 Bennett, 2006). In the case of dyscalculia and ADHD, a possible difficulty that a learner may have, is not being able to finish off a maths task, because of the lack of concentration he may present, something that unremarkably characterises learners with ADHD. This difficulty may also be present to dyslexic learners as well, because of the high co morbidity there is between dyslexia and ADHD, and therefore a learner may have dyscalculia, dyslexia and ADHD concurrently (von Aster and Shalev, 2007). From this, one can pay that there are four-spot categories of dyscalculic learners learners with dyscalculia alone, learners with dyscalculia and dyslexia, learners with dyscalculia and ADHD, and learners with dyscalculia, dyslexia and ADHD.Even though the outlet of the difficulties that a learner may present, because of the co morbidity between dyscalculia and these two other specific learning difficulties, seems to be really exciting and interesting, this essay will focus on the difficulties that characterise learners with dyscalculia alone. Specifically, it will focus on the difficulties that dyscalculic learners have with numerosity, number processing and calculation of mathematical procedures, rather than on the difficulties that result from this co morbid ity.In particular, the first difficulty mentioned above, which is numerosity, refers to the abstract form of numbers, which reveals their magnitude (Butterworth, 2005), and it should be the first thing that learners should learn, in order to be able to understand mathematics. As Butterworth (2005, p. 3) indicated, numerosity can be the basis of arithmetic. The numerosity refers to an abstract type of numbers, because it is possible for numbers to be association in varied sets that can be represented by different parts, which may have abstract or concrete substance, like straws, sticks, sounds and so on (Butterworth, 2005, p. 3). In addition, when several parts are being put in a specific set to form a number, something that represents the numerosity of this set, the learners can easily understand them, in comparison when they see these parts (e.g. dots on dice) in a different order (Mandler and Shebo, 1982). Therefore, numerosity is significant in learning and understanding the numbers, and what these numbers represent, especially when it is presented in specific groups.According to Butterworth (1999), there are four principles that a learner should follow in order to comprehend what numerosity is. Firstly, he moldiness(prenominal) know the one to one correspondence principle (Butterworth, 1999 in Butterworth, 2005, p. 4), which refers to the ability of a learner to recognise when the numerosity of two sets of numbers is the same, by examining the parts of each set which must correspond to each other (Butterworth, 2005). In other words, in order for two sets to have the same numerosity, they must be constituted by exactly the same number of parts. Secondly, it is important for the learner to understand that numerosity is a variable and not a pertinacious concept and that different sets may have different or the same numerosity. Thirdly, the learner must have in mind that numerosity can be abstract, and therefore the sets may be represented not only by c oncrete things but by invisible, abstract things (Butterworth, 1999 in Butterworth, 2005, p. 4) as well. Finally, it is important for a learner to be able to identify numerosities of sets of four objects the most, without needing to count them verbally. One can suppose that these principles are truly essential in order for a learner to be able to understand the complex meaning of numerosity, because in fact, these principles compose the concept of numerosity. Therefore, by being able to comprehend these aspects, a learner will be able to understand numerosity as well.Regarding the abilities that a learner must have, in order to have an appropriate understanding of numerosity, Piaget (1952) talked about deuce-ace basic abilities. The ability to understanding transitively, the ability to understand the stability of the number of stops in a set, and the ability to recognise the abstract nature of the full stops that form a set despite their personal characteristics, like their colo ur or spring (Piaget, 1952 in Butterworth, 2005, p. 4). Specifically, the first ability refers to logical calculations that a learner can make, after examining several facts. For example, if there are trio items, from which the two have the same size and the 3rd is smaller, then the learner must be in position to identify that the third item will be smaller not only from the first item, but from the second item as well. The second skill that should characterise a learner, in order to possess the idea of numerosity, is to know that the number of items in a set will not change if there is a modification in their sequence, except if an item is removed or added to the set. The third ability, is relevant to the confidential information made by Butterworth (2005) regarding the abstract character of numerosity and also the one to one correspondence principle, because it has to do with the fact that the characteristics of the items of a set cannot affect its numerosity, and therefore it is possible, two sets that are structured by different items, to have the same numerosity.The principles, mentioned by Butterworth (2005), and the abilities, mentioned by Piaget (1952), about the comprehension of the concept of numerosity, may be affected in dyscalculic children, because these children have already problems in understanding the general idea of numerosity (Butterworth, 2005). Specifically, children with dyscalculia seem to have difficulties in comparison the magnitudes of several numbers (Geary, Hamson and Hoard, 2000) and also in counting tasks (Koontz and Berch, 1996), something that could lead to the conclusion, that these children have numerosity difficulties, as numerosity is the basis of this type of abilities.Regarding the counting skill, in order for a child to be able to count, he must firstly know the counting words, then he must connect each counting word with only one object, and finally he must have the sensation that, the last counting word he says , is the total number of all the things in a group that he counted, something that basically is the numerosity of the group (Butterworth, 2005). These three characteristics represent the three principles, which were suggested by Gelman and Gallistel (1978) to be essential for the ability to count, and they are called, the stable order principle, the one to one principle and the cardinal principle, respectively (Gelman and Gallistel, 1978 in Butterworth, 2005, p. 7). Two other principles were indicated by Gelman and Gallistel (1978 in Butterworth, 2005, p. 7) as well, which are the abstractness and the order irrelevance, and refer to the ability to recognise the abstract nature of numbers, something which was notice by Piaget (1952) as well, and the awareness that the order, in which a learner starts to count the items in a group, is not important, as long as he counts each item only once. The principles indicated by Gelman and Gallistel (1978), depend on the principles of numero sity and therefore, in order for a learner to encompass these principles, he must first encompass the idea of numerosity (Butterworth, 2005)A dyscalculic learner may have difficulties with counting, because as it was noticed by Geary (1993) and Koontz and Berch (1996), dyscalculic children may have several difficulties with their working memory, and therefore they will find it difficult to count a large amount of objects. This is because, they probably wont be able to maintain in their memory the number of the items that they have already counted, in order to count the rest of them and therefore to find the total number of the items. This difficulty seems to be associated with the third principle, which was indicated by Gelman and Gallistel (1978), because if a learner is not able to remember the items that he counted until one point, he may then consider as the last number of a set, which will represent the total of the items as well, an incorrect number. In addition, sequential an d visuospatial difficulties (Bennett, 2006 Rourke, 1993), that usually characterise dyscalculic learners, may also affect a dyscalculic learners skill to count, because he may find it difficult to count an item only once, following the one to one principle (Gelman and Gallistel, 1978 in Butterworth, 2005, p. 7), because of the wonder he may have about the sequence of the items. Therefore, one can assume that this kind of difficulties, affect not only the ability of a dyscalculic learner to count, but his knowledge about numerosities as well, as numerosity is essential for counting.These particular difficulties, can lead to the appearance of other maths difficulties as well. These difficulties have to do with the number processing and calculation abilities. According to McCloskey, Caramazza and Basili (1985, p. 173), the number processing skills, have to do with the ability of a learner to understand and produce numbers, and the calculation skills, refer to the facts and procedure s that are necessary in making mathematical calculations. In particular, McCloskey et al. (1985, p. 173) referred to two different dusts that are related to these skills, which are the number processing system and the calculation system.The number processing system, is composed by two subsystems, the number comprehension subsystem, and the number action subsystem (McCloskey et al., 1985, p. 174). These subsystems include two units, the Arabic numbers unit and the verbal numbers unit, which have to do with the appearance in which the numbers are presented, two in digit or in oral / written form correspondingly. Each of these units is divided into a lexical processing and a syntactical processing gene (McCloskey et al., 1985, p. 173). These two elements are associated to the ability, to recognise each part of a number (lexical processing) and to the ability to recognise, according to its elements, the specific number (syntactic processing). For example, if the number 516 is presented to a learner, either in Arabic or verbal form, he must be able to recognise the meaning of each number of the set, something that has to do with the lexical element, and to understand that, with this order, the specific number, will have quintette hundreds, one tens and six units, a procedure that depends on the syntactic element (McCloskey et al., 1985).Dyscalculic learners may present difficulties on one of the subsystems of the number processing system and consequently, on one of the units or the elements that these two subsystems include. Specifically, a research by Benson and Denckla (1969) with one dyscalculic individual, revealed a difficulty in the production of numbers of both forms and in the lexical processing of numbers, whereas the individuals comprehension and syntactic processing components, were fine. In addition, McCloskey et al. (1985) noticed in two dyscalculic individuals, that one of them had difficulties in distinguishing the magnitude of two numbe rs when those numbers were presented verbally, and the other individual had difficulties when the numbers were presented digitally.Even though the difficulties indicated by Benson and Denckla (1969) and McCloskey et al. (1985) are difficulties that a person could notice in dyscalculic learners, one cannot be sure about the reliability of the results of the specific studies, because the sample they used was really small and because the studies took place several years ago, and consequently the particular results, may not be adequate for today. However, some of these difficulties, like in the case were the individual had to compare two numbers about their magnitude, seem to be associated to the concept of numerosity mentioned above, and therefore these difficulties, may be suitable in characterising dyscalculic learners.Regarding the calculation system that was indicated by McCloskey et al. (1985), it is constituted by three units and it depends in some point on the number processin g system. These three units, work independently from each other, and have to do, with the way the maths symbols, or words, are processed, with the arithmetic facts, and with the calculation procedures (McCloskey et al., 1985, p. 179).The first unit refers to the ability of a person to understand what calculation he must do, in simile to the maths symbol or word that is presented to him (McCloskey et al., 1985). For example, when a person sees the symbol x or hears the word multiply, he knows that the operation he must do, is multiplication. However, a dyscalculic learner may confuse the arithmetic symbols and, even though he may know the right consequence, he may swear out incorrectly. Something similar happens when the arithmetic symbols are presented with words, but with the difference that when maths problems are related to language, there is a belief by several researchers (Reid, 2003 Bennett, 2006) that these problems are more associated to maths dyslexia rather than to dysc alculia, and therefore this suggestion is more related to the co existence of dyscalculia and dyslexia, rather than to dyscalculia itself. Overall, difficulties with the arithmetic symbols or words may be generated by visuospatial (Rourke, 1993) or language difficulties (Reid, 2003 Bennett, 2006) that sometimes characterise dyscalculic learners, thusly dyscalculia can be characterised by difficulties with the operational symbols as well.The second unit is related to the ability of an individual to maintain and retrieve from his long landmark memory, the correct answers of specific mathematical facts (McCloskey et al., 1985). An example of arithmetic facts, is the knowledge of a learner about the times tables. This unit is independent from the first one, because a learner may have difficulties in recognising the operational symbol, but his answer may be correct when another symbol is used, or he may do the right operation but retrieve the incorrect arithmetical fact. For example, Ferro and Botelho (1980), noticed in a dyscalculic learner, that instead of adding two numbers when she saw the symbol +, like for example 9 + 2, she multiplied them and answered 18 instead of 11. In addition, McCloskey et al. (1985) observed that a dyscalculic individual couldnt retrieve the correct answer in a case of multiplication, even though he understood the concept of multiplication adequately. Several dyscalculic learners may face difficulties in learning or in retrieving arithmetical facts (Russell and Ginsburg, 1984 Kirby and Becker, 1988 Geary, 1993 Temple, 1994 Ginsburg, 1997 Jordan and Montani, 1997 Geary and Hoard, 2001 Shalev and Gross Tsur, 2001), and a reason for this may be the fact, that some dyscalculic individuals have difficulties with their working memory (Geary, 1993) or with their long term memory, as well (Reid, 2003). This, may limit the ability of a learner to maintain or to retrieve a mathematical fact from his long term memory, and therefore to cau se him difficulties that characterise dyscalculia.The third unit of the calculation system refers to the abilities that learners have in making mathematical calculations (McCloskey et al., 1985). These abilities are related to the way learners comprehend and learn the procedures of executing math calculations, something that in dyscalculic learners is usually impaired (McCloskey et al., 1985 Temple, 1994 Butterworth, 2005). For example, dyscalculics may have difficulties in complementary procedures in which they have to carry a number, whilst doing a maths operation, because of the fact that they may put the number on the wrong place, something that leads to wrong calculations. Also, they may have difficulties with procedures, in which they must do two different mathematical operations at the same time. Both of these difficulties, may be the result of sequential difficulties (Bennett, 2006), or again of memory difficulties (Geary, 1993 Reid, 2003), that are considered to be related to dyscalculia, and therefore dyscalculics may face this kind of difficulties, as well.The specific impersonate for number processing and calculation abilities, even though it was created several years ago, is in general lines, sufficient in explaining this type of abilities, in relation to dyscalculia. In addition, the aspects described in the model, seem to be have a common ground with the numerosity, described above, regarding the causes of the difficulties that dyscalculics may present. Therefore, one can assume that similar methods can be used, in order to help a dyscalculic learner to limit his difficulties with numerosity and with number processing and calculation abilities. Specifically, several researchers suggest that multi sensory methods (Bennett, 2006) in combination with the learners learning styles (Chinn, 2001 Marolda and Davidson, 2000 Sharma, 1989) can be vital in teaching and helping dyscalculic learners. This is because, by foc development on the way that an in dividual learns the best, one can help this individual to grasp the concepts of numerosity and of number processing and calculation, in the greatest extent, and by using multi sensory methods, he will make the learning for the individual to be fun, less stressing and more motivating. With this way, the learner will probably feel more confident, and therefore more determined to improve his difficulties in mathematics.In conclusion, dyscalculia is a very recent issue in the area of learning difficulties, and

Investigation of Thyroid Emergencies

Investigation of Thyroid Emergencieswhole 1 Thyroid EmergenciesAuthorsDr. Khalid KhatibDr. Subhal Dixit1.0 ObjectivesAfter reading this unit, you forget be subject toEnumerate thyroid secretory organ diseases which will land the patient role in the intense cargon unitDescribe the clinical features, investigation and intervention of throid driveDescribe the clinical features, investigation and treatment of hypothyroid swoon andDescribe the clinical features, investigation and treatment of obstructive symptoms due to goiter.1.1 IntroductionThyroid emergencies establish a bitiscule fr run of patients with thyroid dysfunction, who land up hospitalized in the intensive c ar unit (ICU) as a consequence of their brachydactylous thyroid physiology or anatomy. As these conditions are infrequently encountered in the ICU, a proper understanding of the hormonal pathophysiology and varied clinical features will give out to appropriate and timely institution of hormonal and supportive treatment, ultimately transformation survival benefit to the patient. The following conditions constitute thyroid emergencies i) thyroid storm, ii) hypothyroid asphyxia, and iii) commodious goiter causing compression of the airways and long seam vessels.1.2 Thyroid rageIt is also k right offn as thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis and is an ingrained physiological condition due to thyroid hormone excess. A rattling atrocious, life threatening and decompensated form of thyrotoxicosis, it is rare (seen in 1-2% of patients admitted for thyrotoxicosis) but close rate rates approach 10-20%. Thyroid storm whitethorn be seen sluice in patients who have not been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. The male to female ratio is 13.Causes i) Graves disease, i) Toxic multinodular goiter, iii) Solitary nodular goitre iv) subacute thyroiditis v) Postpartum thyroiditis, vi) Thyrotoxicosis factitia, vii) Metastatic thyroid malignancy.Whatever the etiology of hyperthyroidism, its modulati on to thyroid storm requires the addition of precipitating factors.Precipitating factors i) Infection, ii) Trauma, iii) Surgery- of the thyroid secretor or non-thyroidal, iv)Acute myocardial infarction or Acute coronary syndrome, v) Pregnancy, labor, alter delivery vi) Burns vii) Medical illnesses- congestive feel failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, cerebrovascular accident, pulmonary thromboembolism, sepsis, viii) Stress- emotional ix) Abrupt interruption of thyroid drug therapy, x) nerve of iodine compounds or radioiodine (I131 or I123 ), xi) Others- chemotherapy for leukemia, radiation therapy to neck malignancies, aspirin all(prenominal)place pane, organophosphate poisoning, exercise, spatial relation epilepticus and drugs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lithium, biological agents like interleukin 2 and interferon).Clinical features i) Central Nervous System- apathy, agitation, delirium, confusion, paranoia, and coma. ii) cardiovascular System- congestive heart failure, tachyarr hythmia (atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation,) sinus tachycardia, dilated cardiomyopathy, senior high school cardiac output state, and pulmonary hypertension. iii) Gastrointestinal tract- vomiting, diarrhoea, jaundice, diffuse abdominal pain on occasion presenting as acute abdomen. iv) respiratory system- dyspnea, tachypnea and acute respiratory failure. v) Thermoregulation- fever, hyperthermia and diaphoresis. vi) Nutrition- incubus loss. vii) Renal- proteinuria, acute nephritic failure.viii) Electrolyte disturbances- hypercalcemia, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis. viii) Hematology- leucocytosis, hypercoagulable state leading to thromboembolism.Some venerable patients whitethorn have very few signs of hyperthyroidism and present with stupor, apathy, coma, and congestive heart failure (apathetic thyroid storm). diagnosis i) It usually needs to be based on clinical judgment and treatment started even before labo ratory results are available. A semiquantative scale developed by Burch and Wartofsky trick be utilise to definitively identify patients with thyroid storm. ii) Thyroid function tests(TFT) TFTs split increase in free T3 and free T4 while TSH will be very low (even undetectable). iii) Other laboratory investigations Serum bilirubin, transaminases, blood glucose levels may be increased while potassium and total cholesterin may be decreased. suementPrinciples of treatment i) plough the hyperthyroid state. ii) interrupt the set up of circulating T3 and T4. iii) Treat the multiorgan dysfunction. iv) Treat the precipitating have got.i) Treat the hyperthyroid state1) Prevent new thyroid hormone synthesis (Thionamides) 2) Prevent new thyroid hormone turf out (Thionamides) 3) Prevent renewal of circulating T4 to T3 ( steroids, lithium, high acid iodine and iodinated contrast medium)Thionamides Propylthiouracil, Carbimazole, Methimazole are employ in the treatment of hyperthyroid s tate.Propylthiouracil (PTU) a) panelling Loading battery-acid- 500-1000 mg followed by a maintenance back breaker of 250 mg both 4-6 hours. b) It additionally prevents peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. c) It is prone either orally (if patient is conscious and able to swallow) or through the nasogastric electron tube or rectally. d) Onset of action is rapid. e) PTU has potential for hepatotoxicity. f) Hence it is favorite(a) now only in pregnancy, where other thionamides cannot be employ.Methimazole or Carbimazole a) Dose 20-30 mg every 4-6 hours may even go up to 60-80 mg every 4-6 hours. b) They are preferred over PTU unless the patient is pregnant. c) They can be given orally, through the nasogastric tube, rectally, or even intravenously.Steroids a) Hydrocortisone is used in the dose of 100 mg intravenously or intramuscularly every 6 hours and continued till the condition of the patient improves completely. b) If Dexamethasone is used, the dose is 2 mg intravenously every 6 hours. c) Doses of both the drugs need to be tapered appropriately before they are stopped.Lithium a) Dose 1200 mg per day in 3-4 divided doses. b) Lithium is used if thionamides are contraindicated and patient is allergic to iodine. c) Serum lithium levels are monitored to prevent toxicity.High dose Iodine a) Lugols iodine or potassium iodide solution is used. b) Dose 0.3 ml or 10 drops of Lugols iodine diluted to 50 ml every 8 hours, orally or through the nasogastric tube. c) Its action is due to the Wolff-Chaikoff effect leading to the suppression of thyroid hormone release and peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. d) It should be administered at least one hour after administration of thionamide drugs. e) Sodium iodide may be used intravenously (dose- 500-1000 mg), but it is not easily available as a unfertile solution.Iodinated contrast solution 0.5-1 gm every 12 hours.Cholestyramine at a dose of 4gm, 2-4 times a day orally, condenses enterohepatic circulation of thyroid hormo nes. In refractory cases, plasma exchange, peritoneal dialysis or hemofiltration may be used to reduce the circulating thyroid hormones.ii) Prevent the effects of circulating T3 and T4 of import blockers 1) They block the hyperadrenergic effects of the excessive thyroid hormones. 2) They can be used if there are no contraindications to their use ( level of asthma, COPD or congestive heart failure). 3) They must be used with continous cardiac monitoring. 4) Propranolol is used most usually at the dose of 60-80 mg, three times a day, orally or through the nasogastric tube. It may also be used intravenously at the dose of 10 mg at the rate of 0.5-1 mg per minute till heart rate is less than 100 per minute and thus continued orally as to a higher place. 5) If propranol is contraindicated, cardioselective betablockers (metoprolol, atenolol), calcium channel blockers or digoxin may be used. 6) Esmolol, an ultra short acting beta blocker, is preferred by some, as an intravenous infusio n of 50-100 mcg/kg/min with a loading dose of 250-500 mcg/kg.iii) Treat the multiorgan dysfunction1) superintend the patient in intensive care unit. 2) Take care of first principle (airway, breathing, and circulation). 3) Respiratory support with oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation (noninvasive or invasive) as required. 4) Resuscitation and hemodynamic support- Intravenous infusions to correct silver-tongued and electrolyte disturbances. 5) Antipyretics- cooling mattresses and cold sponging are used along with paracetamol to reduce the raised temperature. Salicylates are avoided as they reduce thyroid hormone binding to thyroglobulin and may in fact go down thyroid storm. 6) Treat hypertension. 7) Treat delirium and agitation by drugging with haloperidol and benzodiazepines. 8) Provide nutritional support with adequate dextrose infusions and vitamin (especially thiamine) supplementation. 9) Treat the tachyarrythmias with antiarrythmic drugs if patient is hemo- dynamically s table or by electrical cardioversion if unstable. Treat congestive heart failure with diuretics and ACE inhibitors.iv) Treat the precipitating ingest1) Search and treat the focus of infection. 2) Use broad spectrum antibiotics on empiric basis as appropriate. 3) Send urine and blood cultures. 4) Treat trauma, diabetic ketoacidosis, myocardial infarction and other precipitating factors as per usual principles. at once thyroid storm has been treated the hyperthyroid state should be treated definitively with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine or thyroidectomy.1.3 Hypothyroid comaIt is also known as myxedema coma or myxedematous coma and is due to very severe, untreated hypothyroidism manifesting with reduced temperature and altered mental shape. It is an emergency to be treated in an ICU and has high mortality, but fortunately it is rare. Typically the patient is an elderly female with history of hypothyroidism with or without adequate treatment, who may have stopped treatment, or may have suffered an intercurrent stressful situation (infection). Occasionally coma may be the first presentation of hypothyroidism. Rarely hypothyroid coma may be seen in young females, some of whom may be pregnant.Precipitating factors i) Burns, ii) Trauma, iii) Surgery, iv) Severe infection- pulmonary or urinary tract infection, sepsis, v) Low ambient temperature, vi) Cardiac diseases- myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, vii) Cerebrovascular accident viii) Labour, ix) Anesthesia x) Drugs- neuroleptics, sedatives (benzodiazepines), xi) Intake of large amounts of liquids, xii) Seizures, xiii) Gastrointestinal bleeding.Some of the common take a leaks of hypothyroidism are i) Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, ii) Thyroidectomy (total or partial), iii) Graves disease treated with radioiodine, iv) Secondary hypothyroidism- hypopituitarism, v) Drugs- amiodarone, lithium.Clinical features i) Hypothermia- is usually severe with temperature approximately 26.70C (800F). Rarely, tem perature may even reach 210C. In some cases, temperature may be normal in the nominal head of infection. ii) Altered mental precondition- may present as disorientation, depression, paranoia, hallucination, cerebellar signs, amnesia, disturbed memory, abnormal EEG findings, seizures, status epilepticus, stupor, obtundation or coma. iii) Cardiovascular system- abnormalities present as bradycardia, prolonged QT interval, varying degrees of AV block, ventricular arrhythmias (torsades de pointes), pericardial effusion, reduced cardiac output or shock. iv) Respiratory system- disturbances present as hypoventilation and hypercarbia or respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. v) Renal and electrolyte disturbances- manifests as hyponatremia, edema, retention of urine or rarely renal failure. vi) Gastrointestinal- manifestations are constipation, paralytic ileus, ascites, gastroparesis, and gastrointestinal bleeding. vii) Hematological- problems are coagulopathy due to vonWille brand syndrome and reduction of clotting factors, DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), granulocytopenia and microcytic or macrocytic anemia. viii) General- manifestations of hypothyroidism like macroglossia, ptosis, generalized skin swelling or cool dry skin, periorbital edema, obesity and depressed deep tendon reflexes.Diagnosis i) It should be suspected clinically. ii) TSH is raised in most cases. It may rarely be normal in pituitary causes of hypothyroidism. Severe systemic illness and drugs (inotropes, steroids) used to treat the associated systemic illness will cause blunting of the TSH elevation. iii) T3 and T4 levels are low. iv) Hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, hypercapnia, hypercholesterolemia and elevated LDH and serum creatinine kinase levels may be present.TreatmentPrinciples of treatment i) Thyroid hormone supplementation. ii) Steroids. iii) Correction of fluid and electrolyte disturbances. iv) Treatment of precipitating cause.i) Thyr oid hormone supplementation a) Supplementation with L-thyroxine with or without addition of thyroxin. b) Therapy is preferably intravenous. c) There is no consensus on the best remedial regime. d) Dose of L-thyroxine- High dose (300-400mcg on day 1 and consequently 50-100 mcg/day on subsequent days) is preferred by some. though tolerated by young patients, it may cause sudden cardiac death in the elderly. Hence a lower dose is preferred (100mcg on day 1 and then 50-100mcg on subsequent days). e) Liothyronine- at a dose of 10-25 mcg (bolus), intravenously and then 10 mcg intravenously every 4 hours for the first 24 hours and every 6 hours over the next 48 hours and then oral therapy with L-thyroxine (50-100 mcg daily), as feasible. sign therapy with liothyronine may be preferred, as it has better bioavailability and peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired in hypothyroid coma. Care should be taken during liothyronine therapy as excess T3 may increase mortality. f) Combined T 4+T3 approach to avoid above complications, a combined approach with L-thyroxine and liothyronine is advised as shown in Table no. 1.Table No. 1 Combined L-thyroxine and liothyronine therapyii) Steroids a) Hydrocortisone at a dose of 50-100 mg intravenously every 6 hours, is preferred. b) It is required to treat the associated adrenal insufficiency.iii) Correction of associated fluid, electrolyte and other disturbances a) contain airway and provide mechanical ventilation if necessary. b) Hyponatremia- is a frequent situation and needs correction by restricting water intake or by intravenous infusion of isotonic saline (if serum sodium is less than 120). If hyponatremia is more severe, infusion of 3% NS is used very carefully. Occasionally, Conivaptan may be used in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. c) Hypothermia- is treated with passive and inert heating with blankets and air warmers.iv) Treatment of precipitating cause a) Appropriate antibiotics (broad- spec trum) are started for bacterial infections. b) Diuretics are used to treat volume overload and pulmonary edema. c) Intravenous glucose is used in the presence of hypoglycemia d) Inotropes are used if shock is present while digoxin is used with care for congestive heart failure.1.4 Airway and vascular obstruction due to goitre bring in enlargement of the thyroid gland, especially substernal and intrathoracic extension, causes compression of the airway and the great vessels at the thoracic inlet. Sometimes massive hemorrhage inside a thyroid nodule, malignant thyroid disease, metastasis to thyroid gland and Reiters thyroiditis may cause compressive symptoms.Symptoms and signs i) Dyspnea- usually chronic with acute or subacute exacerbations, ii) Stridor, dysphonia, iii) Dysphagia, choking, iv) Fullness and printing press in neck, v) Superior vena cava syndrome- causing facial edema, cyanosis and venous engorgement of position and arms, vi) Esophageal varices, vii) Phrenic or laryngea l nerve paralysis, viii) Horners syndrome, ix) Chylothorax, and x) intermission apnea.Treatment a) Continous positive airway pressure (CPAP) application or canulisation and mechanical ventilation for maintaining patency of the airways and to treat respiratory distress. b) In a few cases where intubation is not possible, emergency tracheostomy may be required. c) Surgery to relieve the obstruction in the form of thyroidectomy and associated sternotomy, if required. d) Radioiodine and percutaneous optical maser ablation may be preferred in some patients.1.5 let us sum it upThyroid storm occurs in hyperthyroid patients in the presence of precipitating circumstances leading to a hyperadrenergic condition which is bleak unless treated with care. It is treated with thionamides, beta blockers and correction of abnormal organ function.Hypothyroid coma usually presents in the winter months, in elderly females, in the presence of a precipitating cause. The patient has profound hypothermia and altered mental status or coma. It is treated with supplementation of thyroid hormones and treatment of the associated multiorgan dysfunction.Obstruction of the airway and blood vessels in the neck by an enlarged thyroid gland is very rare.

Social Media and Network Security

fond Media and engagement SecurityMohammad I. KhanGMU Honor Code statementBy placing this statement on my webpage, I certify that I have prove and understand the GMU Honor Code on http//oai.gmu.edu/the-mason-honor-code-2/ and as stated, I as a student member of the George Mason University community pledge non to cheat, plagiarize, steal, or lie in matters related to academic work. In addition, I have received authority from the copyright holder for any copyright material that is displayed on my web site. This includes quoting extensive amounts of text, any material copied directly from a web page and graphics/pictures that atomic number 18 copyrighted. This project or subject bea material has not been used in an other(prenominal) class by me or any other student. Fin bothy, I certify that this site is not for commercial purposes, which is a violation of the George Mason Responsible Use of reckoner science (RUC) Policy posted on http//copyright.gmu.edu/?page_id=301 website .Abstract kindly media surety is a big concern nowadays and engagement gage measure itself is another concern. meshwork aegis has changed a lot in the recent years. This paper aims to check into and talk about the public associations on fond media net profits, the rationale of well-disposed practices, the dynamic way of character and shelterion, the creation and dispersal of affable media and earnings tribute measures, the companionable media earnings auspices and the boilersuit network hostage of the nowadays time. This paper begins with todays complaisant media character and network security for neighborly media. It discusses the temper of network security, organization protection, the social networking progression of security. Further more, it also describes network security threats, their definition and types, and how we will be benefitted from this, and whats the new network security radix might be in the near time to come. Also, this paper provides the background, uses, ethical and social issues, advantages and disadvantages of the network security based on social media sites and network security privately in details.Keywords well-disposed networking sites network security social media and network securityIntroduction kind media has not only changed the way peck interact in the world, but also it is advancing more to specify it easier to approach shot. Social networking sites allow people to communicate and remain in impact with recall doses as well as meet new people. Social media alludes to online chat that takes into consideration client created content as content sound, video, pictures and so on to be distributed in a very versatile way for overall public utilization regularly. It also includes the intuitive exchange with others. Social media is a vital source for sharing social activities. in that respect ar mingled conformations of social media such as Wikis, Blogs, Microblogs, Photo sharing, Videos, News Feed a nd so on. Social networking sites are viral at times, mysterious in nature, command prompt social sites be seen as sets for hackers and cyber-criminals recently. Reasons existence that online networking itself permits the clients to customize their online identity and parcel personal study. Along with all these things, network security is also a concern nowadays and has a relation with them. Famous social networking sites, for lawsuit, Facebook and chitter have been able to be focused for security attacks. Without network security, we cannot protect our privateness and our stuff on the internet and in the social networking sites. In this paper, I will analyze the current practices of network security for social media services what is network security and the benefit of network security, social networking threats, future of network security, and emphasis on the ethical/legal and social aspects as well as a glimpse at the future security issues facing this area.Background, ty pes and current security threats Network security refers to any kind of activities intended to secure system. In particular, these activities secure the ease of use, integrity, trustworthiness, and safety of the network and info. Compelling network security focuses a variety of threats and prevents them from entering into the network. Network security is refined through software and hardware. The software must be continually updated and figured out how to shield the network from developing threats. A network security system normally comprises of numerous move. All parts work together, which minimizes maintenance and enhances security. These parts include Anti- virus and anti-spyware, firewall for blocking unauthorized addition to the computer, Virtual Private networks (VPN) for providing secure remote advance. On the other hand, Social media security is an issue nowadays. Online social networks were especially one of the hackers most love targets. According to Dong and L.N., ne twork security has turned into the present smear on the improvement of information technology. From all parts of network information security issues, we should first make sense of the variables that trigger network security (Dong, L. N., 2014). According to another inquiry study (2009) accumulated by the US National Cyber Security Alliance (NCSA), more than 74% of clients unveil individual data, including email addresses and birthdays on their profiles (Express Computer, 2009). Cyber-criminals can take data about anyone from their social networking profile and posts and afterward tailor their polishs taking into account anyones interests and likes. This is hold upn as social engineering and it makes security threats a great deal more hard to perceive. According to Wu, Social Engineering, which relies on exploiting the human element of trust, dominate or compromise information about an organization or its computer systems (Wu, 2012, p.173). With such a largeA number of users, Fa cebook is a target for scams it can likewise uncover anybodys personal information to their group of friends. Scams on Facebook incorporate cross-site scripting, mop upjacking, survey scams and theft of identity. One of the scammers most loved strategies for assault existing apart from anything else is known as cross-site scripting or Self-XSS. Clickjacking is likewise frequently fixing to survey scams which trap users into introducing an application from a spammed link. New Facebook security highlights lead assurance against scams and spam. However, tragically theyre primarily incapable. Self-XSS, clickjacking and review tricks basically did not exist only a couple of years back, but instead they now show up on Facebook and other social networks every day. Another study showed that Facebook, for instance, was sued commonly in 2011 which made the firm give about $20 million to compensate its clients for utilizing their information without explicit permission (Velmurugan Math iyalagan, 2015). Security threats on social networking sites keep on growing. Another example of social networking site is twitter. It is a micro-blogging site. Even though most truncated URLs are real, if a link redirects anyone to another page that requests a twitter password everybody should leave it immediately for security purpose.Ethical issues related to social networking sites and Network security Social networking permits anybody to share essentially anything on the web. every vocation without a social media policy networking approach risks expanding outside security attacks. Here are a few ethical rules a personal credit line ought to take after when conveying onlineSharing information which will give anyones brand a positive picture.People need believable information, so they should give them that. This will fabricate trust for occupation, which can expand leads and clients.When sharing, know about others viewpoints. Be interested in what others need to say.When to re act, be fair(a) in what we say to make a social prosperity for our business and client connections.Be mindful of who can see our information, what is macrocosm shared, and what is being said and partook in regards to our business.If something negative is being shared, investigate it for believability. On the kill chance that it is dependable, react to it in a positive style to express that we think about what is said concerning our business, and that some kind of move is being made to progress.Overall, a business ought to make a positive, trustworthy online niggardliness for both their own particular advantage and for the advantage of their clients.On the other hand, a security policy is the accumulation of standards that help the clients to carry on in a certain approach to recognizing what is lawful and unlawful to access to check off computer system in their network. Also, it helps the administrator to ensure that everything in the network system is secure and no one can p ulverize or harm the system. So, the security policies are important to big business network. Likewise, without security policies the clients will open websites and these websites may have a virus or worms which will impact to our network function. Moreover, an unapproved individual can access to the network and do the illicit activity which will destroy the system. There is numerous approach to apply security policy. For instance, strong password, use a firewall and so on. However, one of the greatest ethical issues that identified with system is security policy. In some organizations the security policies are apply feebly or in awful way. Secondly, the hackers are enormous issue to the network and it is dust quickly in the word for quite a while. For instance, stolen medical indemnity record from any organization and they will offer this data to another organization with no authorization. Third, the weak network design security system is gotten to be one of the greatest ethical issue that identified with network. both(prenominal) administrator in the organizations do not apply enough security to the network, which cause a great deal of unauthorized clients access to network and look over the secret information. It happens because of the weak network security. According to Jayson, close to of Facebooks research on client conduct found that 71% of individuals drafted at least one post that they never posted (Jayson, 2014).Social ImplicationsSocial media is potentially the most indispensable segment of the Internet. At the same time, being open and social networking sites makes true worries about protection and security. Social networking sites draw individuals to be more open about their own lives. Besides, things they post hold fast accessible uncertainly. While most sites permit their clients to control who sees the things theyve posted. Social networking sites are possessed by private organizations, and that they profit by gathering information about people and offering that information on, especially to third fellowship advertisers. Security settings are just intended to shield one from varied individuals from the social network, yet they dont shield ones information from the proprietors of the service. Basically, one person is openhanded every one of his/her information over to the proprietors and believing them with it. There are other reasons also that can expose ones privacy. One study showed that self-praise more than 500 million active users around the world, the social networking site is presently being focused by cyber-criminals (Sanchez, 2010). On the other hand, Viruses and malware much discover their direction into computers through enticing advertisements. Its better not to click those ads. Secondly, we have to be cautious of whom we acknowledge invitations from while do online network. Sharing our information to individuals we dont know can be hazardous. In case, if we get friend requests from an unknown pers on, we should not accept the request in the social networking sites. Third, fragmentize of the online networking websites are all the different games and applications. These are also called third society apps. Most of them are unsafe, before giving the application a particularised level of consent concerning our information we have to be careful. We have to ensure what the application is viewing and sharing before consenting to the terms. Exposing too much information falls us into trouble. Fourth, we have to utilize our security settings properly. Social media sites give us the capacity to limit who has the access to our information. For instance, Facebook gives us a chance to choose who our friends are and what content they can see. One Consumer Reports says that issues are on the rise 11% of households utilizing Facebook had inconvenience a year ago, which ranges from a more unusual utilizing their login information to online harassment (Fitzpatrick, 2012).Future of social ne tworking and network securityThe future of security controls on social networks is by all accounts on a promising direction. for example, biometrics system will be installed with two-step verification and enhanced endeavors are being made for securing clients privacy. With thoughts, for example, online ID labels, heart and soul recognition system etc.ConclusionSocial network holds olympian control over the lives of people and this force brings a duty of making social network a more secure spot. This must be done when security frameworks are solidly set up without talk terms the wellbeing of clients.ReferencesDong, L. N. (2014). Design of computer information network security system. utilize Mechanics and Materials, 539, 305-309. doihttp//dx.doi.org.mutex.gmu.edu/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.539.305This is research and reviews that describes the network security systems.Fitzpatrick, A. (2012). Study Says Facebook covert Concerns Are on theRise Is It Accurate? Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http//mashable.com/2012/05/04/facebook-privacy-concerns-study/vnDzBrKMnqqfThis is a website that says about the Facebook privacy and security.Jayson, S. (2014). Social media research raises privacy and ethics issues.Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http//www.usatoday.com/story/news/ demesne/2014/03/08/data-online-behavior-research/5781447/This is a newspaper publication that discussed privacy and ethics issue for social media.Social networks Boon or bane? (2009).Express Computer, Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/docview/217384554?accountid=14541This is a research and reviews that describes the network security threats.Sanchez, M. (2010, November 10). Know the Security Implicationsof Social Media. Retrieved October 04, 2016, from http//blogs.cisco.com/smallbusiness/know_the_security_implications_of_social_mediaThis blog was created for subtle the security implications of social media.Velmurugan, J. S., Mathiyalagan, P. (2015). SOCIAL NETWORKING THREATS ANDSECURITY ISSUES AN ENQUIRY. International Journal of concernResearch and Reviews, 5(4), 270-274. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/docview/1683315551?accountid=14541This is a research and reviews on Social networking threats and security issues.Wu, H. (2012). A review of social media security risks and mitigationtechniques.Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 14(2), 171-180.doihttp//dx.doi.org.mutex.gmu.edu/10.1108/13287261211232180

Importance Of The Nile River For Egypt

Importance Of The Nile River For Egypt urine pollution is the presence of every substances in water which pile be harmful for plants and animals that live in water or wad who put on it. In other word of honor it is the channel in the chemical or physical properties of the water and this change can lead to ca spend damage and health hazards to animals and plants that live privileged it or beings that use it. (1)Importance of the Nile River for EgyptThe Nile River is the primary water resource in Egypt, where it represents more than 95% of the total water resources in Egypt and it is the lifeline for Egypt and in that respect be umteen reasons for its importance which areEgyptians depends on it to acquire smart water to use it for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning and other household uses.Use it for land where fertile land formed well-nigh the Nile River and they irrigated by Nile River.The Nile River is an substantial source of fish.It is used in water raptus be ride it passes from south to north Egypt. fabrication in Egypt depends a lot on the waters of the Nile River.Recently after the construction of the High Dam became the Nile River is an all-important(a) source for generating electricity to Egypt. (2)(1) http//www.smokefreecolorado.com/cause-for-water-pollutions/(2) http//answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090216123423AALSyKICauses of pollutionThere are many sources of water pollution in Nile River.Industry sewer waterIndustry is an important user of water. In said(prenominal) time is an important producer of pollution. Water is very important in perseverance. Water demand for industry was 3.6 jillion solid Meters BCM/ course of instruction in 2000. And they expect to be 5.5 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year in 2017. So, when industry adjoins, the water demands increase.(1)Municipal WastewaterIn the city, the water which used by people going heap through various treatment processes to make it healthy as practical before release it back to environment. Treating water is help to minimize the contradict effects of wastewater on the environment. However, some poor cities along Nile River cannot use treatment facilities which are expensive for them. The only way they can use it is dumped in the burstr without treated. (2)Statistics plant that, all g everywherenments generate 3.5 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year of wastewater. Of these wastewater 1.6 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year receives treatment. In 2017, 1.7 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year provide receive treatment. Although the capacity will increase save it will not be able to covers all wastewater. As it is show in table (1) the number of people serves increase and number of people not served increase because increasing in population. (3)http//www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ cardinal/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdfhttp//sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/pollutionhttp//www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publ ications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdfSo, it will not be able to decline the amount of wastewater that is not receiving treatment. (1)Agriculture WastewaterAgriculture is larger consumer of water. And it is in same time contributed in water pollution. Runoff from the agricultural sector often contains pollutants that may have an adverse effect on the river. Pollutants such as salts, nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, and pesticide residue can be found in this overflow. Agricultural runoff often is a non-point pollutant, in that it can tell apart from anywhere in a region, and not from a specific drain. This can make it difficult to There are in addition problems associated with agricultural runoff seeping into the groundwater as well. (2)Effect of populationThere are many effect of Nile river pollution. Some of these effects areThe presence of oil on the surface of the river works as a buffer between the temperateness and the pla nts. This leads to death of fish and Lack of food for tender-hearteds. In addition, that will step-down the number of fishermen Many fishermen have either left their jobs altogether or migrated, el-Fikky said. (3)http//www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdfhttp//sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/pollutionhttp//www.irinnews.org/Report/87416/EGYPT-River-pollution-hits-Nile-fishermenThe solid waste thrown in the river hinder the movement of fishermen net and torn nets which reduces the amount of fish and increase the cost on the fishermen. Saed said he usually catches 2kg of fish a day that equal to US$165 a month, but over the quondam(prenominal) few months he has had an additional headache his net require replacing not every month as in the past but every few days, costing him up to $144 a month.The Nile river is source for drinking but because it polluted by human that could cause a harmful effect on human and cause a dangerous diseases. Not only for people whose drink from it but also for people who eat fish or plant from it. (1)http//www.irinnews.org/Report/87416/EGYPT-River-pollution-hits-Nile-fishermen compendiumWater pollution is a serious problem for the all world. And it is considered to be one of the most harmful problems affecting Egypt. The pollution of Nile River is increase uncommon in the past few decades.Although the Egyptians love the Nile River a lot and it is important for them, not only in economic terms but it has a significant meaning for them. But this did not protect it from pollution.In this root word I will explain the meaning of water pollution. Then, I will take about the important of Nile River. After that, I will piffle about causes of Nile River pollution which are industry wastewater, municipal wastewater and agriculture wastewater. Final, I will take about effect of Nile River pollution.IntroductionWater covers more than two thirds of the Earths surface and the rest taken up by land. When the population are increase, the demand for water sources are increase. One of these insolent water resources is Nile River. As we know water is essential for life. No organism can live without it. Water pollution is problem effect human, animals and plants. And it caused by different resource. In these report I will try to come about the main causes of water pollution in Nile River and the effect of that pollution.SummaryIn the summary, as you see all water pollution in Nile rive and in any place in the world created by human and then he try again to solve it what he already create. I advice all people to maintain the environment. And keep the water clean. polishIn conclusion, I learn from these report that human create problem. Then, it is adversely affecting our life. For that, I think that the maintain of the environment is a union operation between all members of the community.UAE UniversityFaculty of ScienceDepartment of biologyPrinciple s of Environmental ScienceDone by Shaikha Mohammed.ID 201003128.Instructor Dr. Tarek Youssef.

Terrorism and the Media

Terrorism and the MediaMass Media has always historically been appreciate as impudentspapers, radio, and idiot box, besides dramatic arts, by means of film and theatre, and books. Since the advent of the Internet, international media has been revolutionised with new ways to broadcast breeding and the speed at with which that teaching is contributeed. Terrorism selects media forgiving raceity in order that the semi policy-making message they paying attention to convey reaches the target reference thus influencing and swaying public opinion. The Media sample to brook information to their audience to meet their need for information and news stories. The to a greater extent dramatic and spectacular the news cov cadencege so the greater an audience the Media entrust attr play. A greater audience brings intrinsic benefits to the Media. I exit discuss the symbiotic family amidst Media and Terrorism and whether it exits and to what degree it is symbiotic. I will also examine how the cyberspace has accepted the symbiosis amid Terrorism and Media.IntroductionI am a passionate worshiper in ingenuousdom of speech. I would non support eachthing which would impinge on aggressive robust freedom of the British press. Nick Clegg, British deputy sheriff Prime Minster (as cited in Chorley, 2012). Nick Clegg made this comment in the wake of the Leveson enquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press. Freedom of the Press has always been fictional character of the foundation of a democratic gild however it is this democratic society that enables the terrorist to deliver their message through the media. democratic society make the tasks of terrorist propaganda, recruitment, organisation, and the ascent of op whiletions a congenericly easy matter (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 22). As Wilkinson right argues a democratic society is an enabler for terrorist act to equal, especially in take in to delivering their propaganda and political message . In late March 2001, three simultaneous political machine explosions killed twenty-three and injured more than one hundred civilians in grey Russia. If this had happened in the old Soviet Union, the state-controlled potful media probably would not train reported the fortuity. (Nacos, 2007, p. 36). In the old USSR state-controlled mass media would exactly deny the terrorists the propaganda of their antiaircraft.Former British Prime Minister Marg atomic number 18t Thatcher had it right when she announced the furtherance is the oxygen of terrorism (Ibid., p. 36). Nacos mighty reminds us of what Mrs Thatcher said, and it is this oxygen that the terrorists seek to obtain when they plan an assail. with aside the medias coverage the acts impact is arguably wasted, remaining narrowly confined to the immediate victim(s) of the attack, sooner than reaching the wider target audience at whom the terrorists fierceness is actually aimed. (Hoffman, 2006, p. 174). Hoffman reinforces th at terrorists require publicity form the media. It is clear from the supra that terrorism and the media ar in some form of dealingship. This essay discusses the fundamental interactions of the kind among terrorists and media, if it is symbiotic, and how does advent of the meshing affect the blood.DefinitionsDefining terrorism has been tall(prenominal) since it has first been studied. Laqueur states More than a hundred definitions oblige been offered (including a fewer of my own) for the phenomenon. (Laqueur, 1995, p. 5). there be characteristics that drive out be found in the legal age of the definitions and these have been bring outed by WilkinsonIt is premeditated and designed to create a climate of extremum fear.It is directed at a wider target than the immediate victims.It inherently involves attacks on random or symbiotic targets, including civilians.It is considered by the society, in which it occurs as extra normal, that is, in the literal sense it violates t he norms regulating disputes, protest and dissent.It is utilise primarily, though not exclusively, to influence the political behaviour of politicss, communities or specific social groups.(Wilkinson, 2011, p. 1)These characteristics will define terrorism for the words at bottom this essay and specifically the act being premeditated, designed to create a climate of extreme fear, and being directed at a wider target than the immediate victims.Wilkinson also comments on the meaning of symbiotic In sociology the term symbiosis is taken to mean relations of mutual dependence between different groups within a community when the groups argon unlike each other and their relations are complementary (Ibid., p. 145). The affinity between terrorism and media will be examined and discussed to assess whether it is mutually dependent and complementary, and if so, does this remain current in the era of internet media.The mass media are taken to encompass newsprints, radio and television a nd other important forms of communications, including books, films, music, theatre and the visual arts. (Ibid., p. 144). Wilkinson defines the meaning of mass media, for the advise of this essay and discussion For the purposes of this essay I will separate mass media from new media technology including the internet.Terrorist interaction with mediaThe Assassin Sect of Shia Islam which attempted to lay terror in the Muslim world and Middle Ages, relied upon word of mouthpiece in mosques and market places to relay news of their attacks (Ibid., p. 144). Wilkinson informs us that terrorists need to stretch out the news of their attacks is not a modern phenomenon, but as terrorism has join ond, their need for publicity has also. Without being noticed, in fact, terrorism would not exist. The switch off act of killing does not create a terrorist act murders and intractable assaults occur with such(prenominal) frequency in approximately societies that they are barely reported in the news media. What makes an act terrorism is that it terrifies. The acts to which we assign that grade are deliberate events, bombings and attacks performed at such places and times that they are mensural to be observed. Terrorism without its horrified witnesses would be as pointless as a play without an audience. (Juergensmeyer, 2003, p. 141). Juergensmeyer states that the terrorists need to horrify witnesses, if the act is not sufficiently terrifying then it will not achieve the publicity e very foster than the initial audience.Schmid and de Graaf concur, the immediate victim is merely instrumental, the skin of a drum beaten to achieve a calculated impact on a wider audience. As such, an act of terrorism is in reality an act of communication. For the terrorist the message matters, not the victim (Schmid and de Graaf, 1982, p. 14). When transmitting this message what are the terrorists assay to achieve?Nacos argues that there are four media objectives that terrorists seek to ach ieve when they localize/threaten an act of violence.First, terrorists call for the attention and awareness of various audiences inside and outside their target societies and thereby condition their targets for intimidation.Second, terrorists compliments the recognition of their motives. They want the media and the public to explore the question why do they attack us?Third, terrorists want the respect and sympathy of those in whose interest they claim to act.Fourth, terrorists want a quasi- certain status and the said(prenominal) or similar media treatment that legitimate political actors receive. (Nacos, 2007, p. 20)Nacos has neatly packaged the objectives, not all these objectives will be achieved in every attack by terrorists, but generally they will be trying to achieve the majority of them. On the 12 April 2010, the palpable ira attacked Palace Barracks in northern Ireland, the Headquarters for the British certification Service in Northern Ireland. The date of the attack was not elect at random, it was the day that skilfulice and security antecedents were devolved from Westminster to the Northern Ireland Assembly. Mark Simpson BBC Northern Ireland Correspondent stated On a day when a new political era is starting at Stormont, dissident republi send aways wanted to postgraduatelight one of the weaknesses of the peace process the threat of further violence. (Simpson, 2010). The Real IRA succeeded in achieving media coverage of the incident and took the headlines rather, than the devolution of justice powers. When we examine Nacos objectives we send away see that the Real IRA achieved certainly the first three objectives, and the fourth being open to debate if whether it improved their claims to be legitimate political actors.On 14 June 1985 TWA Flight 847 was hijacked by Lebanese Terrorist enroute from Athens to Rome. The relief valve obligeed a considerable number of United States citizens. This incident provides a unsloped example of how t errorists optimise their media exposure and how perhaps unwittingly the media played into their hands. Schmid (as cited in Wilkinson, 2011. p. 155) Schmid observes that National Broadcasting Company (NBC) devoted no less than two thirds of their total news time to the crisis over the fate of the American hostages taken to Beirut throughout the 17 days of the hijacking. The US media brought its considerable tycoon to bare upon the coverage of the drama. The focus of the coverage was on the hostages and their families, which proved deleterious to the Reagan administration A gross imbalance and so emerged soft, human-interest feature stories predominated (mostly inter tantrums with the hostages and their families), explanation for slightly more than a third of all reports, with fewer than half(a) as many stories addressing real issues (Hoffman, 2006, p. 175).The media coverage achieved what the terrorists required, in that the concentrated travail was the safe recovery of the h ostages at any cost. The domestic demand for the hammock of the TWA Flight 847 hostages placed such imperativeness on the US government that it led them to press their Israeli allies to release over 700 prisoners demanded by the hostage-takers, thus conceding an enormous political and psychological victory to the terrorists (Wilkinson 2011, p. 106). The government issue that transpired was that terrorism was seen to produce results. As Hoffman states the most pernicious effect of the crisis was its streak impression of terrorism as a tactic. (Hoffman, 2006, p. 175). The terrorist manipulation of the media was no coincidence. According to jakes Bullock, a British journalist who covered the yarn, throughout the crisis the terrorists knew exactly what they were doing. (Ibid, p. 176). It can be seen from the above how additional media pressure influenced US foreign indemnity and ultimately achieved the terrorists goals.Do all terrorists seek publicity? Sendero Luminoso (Shining P ath, Peruvian Terrorist Organisation) longsighted remained quite uncommunicative and seemingly uninterested both in the wider media and in creating an belowground press through which to broadcast its ideology on a media level (Wieviorka, 2004, p. 43). Wieviorka argues that The Shining Path terrorist group had no expectation of any mediation whatsoever on part of the press (Ibid. p. 43). Wilkinson disagrees with Wieviorka assessment reason This stratum is totally unreal beca utilize even for the purpose of creating terror in an think set of victims, the perpetrator relies on some channel or speciality of communication to relay the threat. If there is no aim to ingrain terror, then the violence is not of a terroristic nature. (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 145). Nacos further highlights that it doesnt matter if the terrorists do not directly seek media coverage But whether terrorists claim responsibility for their deeds does not matter at all with respect to media coverage. (Nacos 2007, p. 18). The media, if they perplex aware of the incident, will provide coverage to the public. Nacos further states that most terrorist groups dont just want their terrorist act publicised They typically want their political causes air and their motives discussed. For this to happen the perpetrators do not necessarily have to do the explaining themselves- the media do it for them. (Ibid., p. 21).It can be seen from the above abbreviation how terrorists use the media to their advantage and to convey their political message. In the vast majority of terrorist incidents the terrorists rely upon media coverage of their attack to ensure that they reach a wider audience. English aptly summarises the role of the media in the eyes of the terrorists media provide a crucial amplifier for the terrorists cause, case and deeds (English, 2009, p. 44).Media interaction with terrorists.I will now discuss why and how the media interact with terrorism. Why the media interacts with terrorism is rel atively simple. a cynical aphorism in the newspaper business holds that if it bleeds, it leads. (Mueller, 2006, p. 40), this holds honest as the media require headline news to suck viewers.Media in an open society are in a ferociously competitive market for their audiences, are constantly under pressure to be first with the news and to provide more information (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 147). It is the drive to make more viewers that places media under pressure to report terrorist incidents.A high drama incident is the ideal news story to attract a greater audience, in the first three weeks of the Tehran Hostage crisis in 1979 all the major television networks achieved an 18 per cent increase in audience rank. (Ibid., p. 150). According to Hamin Mowlana (As cited in Wilkinson 2011, p. 150) the networks were able to secure, in 1979, an annual increase of 30 million for each percentage point of audience rating increase. From this course we can see where the advantage for media is in co vering such incidents, there is however no suggestion that the media are constantly hoping for a terrorist incident, as outlined by Nacos While I do not suggest that the news media favour this sort of political violence, it is nevertheless true that terrorist strikes provide what the contemporary media crave most drama, shock, and tragedy suited to be packaged as human interest news. (Nacos, 2006, p. 81-82). Laqueur further states It has been said that journalists are terrorists best friends, because they are willing to give terrorist operations maximum exposure. This is not to say that journalists as a group are sympathetic to terrorists, although it whitethorn appear so. It simply means that violence is news, whereas peace and harmony are not. The terrorists need the media, and the media find in terrorism all the ingredients of an exciting story. (Laqueur, 1995, p. 44).It has been shown why media pay so much attention to terrorist incidents, but is the coverage disproportionate t o the actual threat that the terrorists pose in comparison to other threats that the public face daily, and thus giving an uneven balance of threat to the public, which in change state may be assisting the terrorists?Jenkins argues it makes no difference that ordinary homicides vastly exceed murders ca employ by terrorists. The news media do not allocate quadriceps or air time proportionally according to the leading causes of final stage in the world. (Jenkins, 1981, p. 2). Jenkins further states Content analysis of coverage of terrorist incidents in The recent York Times and the Times of London shows that the news media provide little stage setting in which the public can judge the events Ibid., p. 2). Iyengar gives additional evidence betwixt 1981 and 1986, more stories were broadcast on terrorism than on poverty, unemployment racial inequality, and criminal offense combined (Iyengar, 1991, p. 27). The media have the unhealthy habit of being anecdotal rather than factual, skewing reality and the threat. It is my opinion that this only aids the terrorist by inflating the threat that is posed. From the analysis it is evident that terrorism can be overrepresented and overemphasised by the media this in turn only aids the terrorist in the broadcast of their political message.To additionally annoy the situation is pressure upon media to get the Scoop in advance competing media channels. As Nacos states In this competition, terrorists seem to start out with a significant advantage because their raging deeds are a powerful message that commands the mass medias attention and thus that of their target audience(s). (Nacos, 2007, p. 198). Shpiro states Speed plays a critical role in global news coverage. While the newsreels of World War II could be edited and censored for several days or even weeks before being publicly screened, the audience of present-day conicts demands media reaction time measured by hours and even minutes. Media outlets that, for tec hnical, political or nancial reasons, cannot supply the most up-to-date news coverage lose out in a eld saturated by intense competition. (Shpiro, 2002, p. 77). Shprio points out that unless the media outlet gets the story out quickly they will lose to the competition, but does this then affect the coverage? Nacos argues Given the all-out competition between news organizations, the pressure to present controling news, the determination to report some new fee although a terrorist situation has not changed, and the tendency to sensationalize even genuinely dramatic situations, the hastily reported and ofttimes unverified news is likely to contain inaccuracies, mistakes, and problematic features. (Nacos, 2007, p. 207). We can see from Nacos that there is the possibility of inaccuracies and mistakes to become seeming(a) in the rush to release news, this can potentially influence the true perspective on the incident and ultimately may play into the terrorists hands.I have now discusse d how terrorist interact with the media and in turn how the media interact with terrorist, I will now discuss whether this relationship is symbiotic.Is the relationship between media and terrorism symbiotic?If we take Wilkinsons early view of what a symbiotic relationship is then in order for it to exist the relationship must have mutual dependence between terrorism and media and the relationship is complementary.Hoffman notes that Clearly, terrorism and the media are bound together in an inherently symbiotic relationship, each cater off and exploiting the other for its own purposes. (Hoffman, 2006, p.193). Wilkinson also comments that once terrorist violence is under way, the relationship between the terrorists and the mass media tends inevitably to become symbiotic (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 145). There is dependence in both cases, the terrorist dependence on the media to publicise the incident, and the medias confide for spectacular news stories to broadcast and attract viewers.Wiev iorka offered a counter argument refuting that terrorism and the media are in a symbiotic relationship, stating that terrorists relate to the media in any of four different ways, from pure indifference to media, through relative indifference, then to a media-oriented strategy, and finally to coercion of the media (Wieviorka 1988, p. 43, as cited by Wilkinson, 2011, p. 145).capital of Minnesota Wilkinson questioned Wieviorkas four categories of the relationship, saying that channels of communication always are utilize by any terrorist.The first of Wieviorkas categories is pure indifference to any desire to terrorize a population beyond the immediate victim of violence. Wilkinson states that This class is totally unreal because even for the purpose of creating terror in an intended set of victims, the perpetrator relies on some channel or medium of communication to relay the threat. If there is no aim to instil terror, then the violence is not of a terroristic nature (Wilkinson, 201 1, p. 145).In Wieviorkas second category relative indifference Wilkinson dismisses Wieviorkas argument that terrorists are disinterested with regard to communication through powerful media when they have other channels al define alive to communicate and explain their position. Wilkinson argues that The kind of channels he lists that already exist are a legal and relatively free press, radio transmitters and centres for free expression such as universities, churches and mosques. But what are these channels that already exist if not alternative media? (Ibid., 2011, p. 146).The third category media-orientated strategy is the only category the Wieviorka believes that terrorists are actively engaged in a relationship with the media. Wilkinson counter argues that this type of media-orientated strategy in reality it is intrinsic to the very activity of terrorisation that some form of media, however crude, is utilised as an instrument to disseminate the messages of threat and intimidation (Ibid., 2011. p. 146).The final category offered by Wieviorka, total break is described by Wilkinson Wieviorka is referring here to cases where the terrorists come to view the media organisation, editors, journalists and broadcasters as enemies to be punished and destroyed. Those working in the media have often been the targets of terrorist violence (Ibid., 2011, p .146). Wilkinson dismissed the total break category for the same reason as media-orientated strategy.It is clear that there is a relationship between terrorism and media, but is it always complementary?Wilkinson lists a number of incidents where the media irresponsibility aided the terrorists or came very close to aiding them with adverse coverage firstly the Iranian Embassy siege in 1980, where a news team defied guard instructions and filmed the SAS Assault, if this had been broadcast live in would have poorly endangered the hostages and rescue team, Secondly the hijacking of a Kuwait airliner in 1988, whilst on the ground at Larnaca Airport, media coverage was so intense a rescue mission was impossible to launch, and finally the media coverage of an IRA trial in 1997 collapsed after media published material that prejudiced a just trial. (Ibid., 2011, p. 151).The above examples are not to illustrate that the media consciously aid terrorists, Wilkinson further states There is no evidence to suggest that the Western-dominated mass media organisations share the political aims of the terrorist organisations, but sophisticated media-wise terrorists can certainly exploit and manipulate the power of the mass media for their own malevolent purpose. (Ibid., 2011, p. 151).Media attention also brings with it unpredictability for the terrorist organisation, as Wilkinson rightly states, Western-dominated mass media do not share the political ideals of terrorist organisations, therefore are unlikely to give positive coverage of the terrorist incident, Hoffman further points out While most terrorists certai nly crave the attention that the media eagerly provide, the publicity that they receive cuts both ways (Hoffman, 2006, p. 188). Wilkinson notes Terrorists like to present themselves as dreadful Robin Hoods, champions of the oppressed and downtrodden. By showing the savage cruelty of terrorists violence and the way in which they violate the rights of the innocent, the media can help to shatter this myth. (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 152).If we break the symbiotic relationship down to the fact that terrorists require coverage and the media require an audience to produce revenue, it is my opinion the symbiosis does clearly exist. If believe this relationship can aid the terrorists, as the analysis has shown, unless the media report is more equilibrize and less anecdotal.I will now discuss how the internet may affect the symbiotic relationship.New media and the symbiotic relationshipFor the purpose of this discussion I will limit new media to terrorist use of the internet and the publicising of their attacks. Lumbaca and senile define the internet as The internet is an information tool used in namely all parts of the world. The internet has made action a lot simpler for the average person who is looking to earn a degree, engage in commerce exchanges, make purchases, write friends and look up information. Unfortunately while it wields these benefits, this capability is a double-edged sword these benefits are also open to terrorists. Whether right-winged or left, terrorists view the internet as a powerful too it is inexpensive, easy to set up and can be found just about anywhere. (Lumbaca, Gray, 2011, p. 47).Hoffman informs us that Few technological innovations have had the impact of the Internet and the World Wide meshing. Beyond any doubt, in a comparatively short span of time, they have revolutionized communications, enabling the fast (often in real time), pervasive, and-most important-inexpensive exchange of information worldwide. (Hoffman 2006, p. 201).Weimann c ontends the internet is ideal for terrorists-as-communicators it is decentralized, it cannot be subjected to control or restriction, it is not censored, and it allows access to anyone who wants it (Weimann, 2006, p. 25). Lumbaca, and Gray, Hoffman, and Weimann point out the unmistakable advantages the internet and World Wide Web offer to terrorists, namely speed, non-censorship and ready access to anyone who wants it.So does the advent of the internet and World Wide Web affect the symbiotic relationship between terrorism and media? As discussed earlier in the essay, the terrorists wish to garner as much publicity regarding their attack as possible, Hoffman reinforces this The overriding objective for the terrorists is to wring every last throw up of exposure, publicity, and coercive power from the incident (Hoffman, 2006, p. 180). With regard to terrorist use of the internet Weimann correctly states that it can be accessed by anyone who wants to, this in my opinion is the key to h ow the internet affects the symbiotic relationship.In order for the terrorists to maximise the exposure of their incident they are still somewhat reliant upon mass media to pick up information they place on the internet, this practice by mass media is becoming cognize as information laundering for example, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was one of the first jihadist terrorists to optimise the use of the internet and World Wide Web Zarqawi went straight to the internet, which enabled him to produce in writing(p) videos that would have never been shown on mainstream media Katz as cited in (Shane, 2006, p. 1). As these videos were breach news they were picked up by the mainstream media, and reported upon, thus Zarqawi achieved his publicity. The symbiosis between terrorism and mass media is still apparent in the internet era although the balance is shifting in that the relationship is blurring from the traditional symbiosis in that terrorist can now influence and dictate what information they choose to be available and when.ConclusionTerrorists require publicity of their attack or incident in order to reach a wider audience. The wider audience is essential if the terrorist political message is to have any impact. It has been argued that not all terrorist groups seek publicity however they have no choice if the media decide to provide coverage of it and thus the relationship is still present. Media is about revenue, it has been shown that terrorist incidents have all the human interest factors that attract a wide audience, with this comes additional revenue through advertisements. The detrimental effect of coverage is that it can skew public and political approaches to terrorism, disproportionately over emphasising the threat posed and undermining government policy. Media however seldom portray terrorists well, and this can readdress some of the detrimental effect. The symbiotic relationship is evident in that the relationship between media and terrorism is complementar y, however with the advent of the internet there is less of dependence by terrorist upon media to pick up incidents when the terrorist can publicise their own acts.

Canadas Institutional Landscape And The Governments Ignorance Of Far :: essays research papers fc

Canadas Institutional Landscape and The Governments Ignorance of Farmers NeedsSaskatchewan farmers see been continually ignored in Canadasinstitutional landscape. Never has the situation been more seeming(a) as it iswith the possibility of Quebec separation. The Canadian governments ignoranceof farmers inquires has caused a cynical have of the policy-making process in the eyesof farmers. One of the major sources of the cynicism is that Canadian federalinstitutions are developed so that roughly political of the scoke is developed fromthe east. The eastern domination of the House of Commons, and indirectly theSenate, means that Saskatchewan straw farmers do not have a strong voice inCanadian political decisions. But what does the Saskatchewan lack ofrepresentation in Canadas political institutions in Ottawa mean? What canSaskatchewan wheat farmers do to mitigate the situation? And, following a Quebecseparation what can wheat farmers do to uphold their livelihood? The intent ofthis report is to way on the actions Saskatchewan wheat farmers can take toensure their success in the future. A focusing on the recent political policydecisions by the federal government, the need for intrastate institutionalreform, and effects of a possible Quebec separation volition all be analyzed.     The current institutional landscape of Canada has not acted favorablyfor Saskatchewan wheat farmers. The development of the institutions, ie. theHouse of Commons and the Senate, and the policies that have developed from theseinstitutions have continually ignored the inevitably of prairie farmers, emphasizingthe cynicism Saskatchewan wheat farmers have towards the political process. Theantipathy towards the political institutions has developed because of recentcost-cutting initiatives and deregulatory procedures by the government and bymis-representation of farmers needs in government today. The failure ofSaskatchewan wheat farmers to express their needs i n the Canadian politicalarena successfully, when compared to other constituencies, is based on the factthat Saskatchewans representation in Canadas political institutions is weak.The result is the development of policies depraved to what would be accepted byfarmers.     Saskatchewan wheat farmers, in accordance with most constituencies inthe west, have desired a institutional change to the focal ratio House in Canada. In1867, when the institutions were developed, the goal was to develop two polar political "bodies". One, the House of Commons, would represent theCanadian people by means of elected representatives in a representation bypopulation scenario. The second, the Senate, would be a source of "sober secondthought." In its creation the senate was mean to protect the ideals ofindividual regions. However, to the chagrin of Saskatchewan wheat farmers, theintended regional focus of the senate never developed and, hence, the senate has

Gangs of New York, A Film Analysis :: Film

street arab the bumbler was the ideal bad guy for a movie. He was a tenacious individual who would not change his focuss of thinking for anyone. If you came off a boat and tried to settle in the United States you were automatically hate by Mr. Cutting. Bill was a tall man, very skinny, and he had abundant hair with a matching mustache. Bill and his party believed that the only just people to have jobs, families, and make money were people who were born in the U.S., not immigrants. Women and children are not even spared by Bill and his low party. They hatred for the immigrants was so strong that they would shout profanities at them or retch rocks at them when they unloaded from the massive ships. At times they would beat an immigrant bordering to death just because they looked at them the wrong way. Cuttings father installed these beliefs into him, Bills father was killed in a gang war with the immigrants and he would never live that down. The way the immigrants were treated by some of the townspeople made some of the immigrants start very poor. Shop keepers and other store owners would not hire immigrants generally because they did not like them and secondly that they did not want to upset Bill and his gang. Immigrants would soon leave New York and look for an easier life but close remained behind and lived in the side streets to fend for food with the rats. This is where thievery came in. Since some of the immigrants were poor they had to learn to buy to survive. Pick-Pocketing became the most famous means to steal in the streets of New York. The immigrants who would come off of the boats had no idea what was in store for them as they unloaded their boat. The immigrants were friendly people for the most part, they were not looking for a fight in America just a new start to their life.